diff --git a/game_compatibility.md b/game_compatibility.md
index fe06470..9d5bb78 100644
--- a/game_compatibility.md
+++ b/game_compatibility.md
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ issues, please let me know or open a pull request to update this table.
 | Sengoku Rance -Three for the Slash! Thrust! Burn!- (EN) | Unknown     |       |
 | AliveZ                                                  | Unknown     |       |
 | エドランゼ ～Come on!水戸姫様～                         | Unknown     |       |
-| 闘神都市III                                             | Unsupported |       |
+| 闘神都市III                                             | Supported   |       |
 | ばにしゅ！～おっぱいの消えた王国～                      | Unknown     |       |
 | 僕だけの保健室                                          | Unknown     |       |
 | ももいろガーディアン                                    | Unknown     |       |
diff --git a/include/reign.h b/include/reign.h
index b5424dc..a98e1f2 100644
--- a/include/reign.h
+++ b/include/reign.h
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 #include "gfx/gfx.h"
 #include "plugin.h"
 
+struct hash_table;
+
 enum RE_instance_type {
 	RE_ITYPE_UNINITIALIZED     = 0,
 	RE_ITYPE_STATIC            = 1,
@@ -82,6 +84,8 @@ struct RE_plugin {
 	int nr_instances;
 	struct RE_instance **instances;
 	struct archive *aar;
+	struct hash_table *model_cache;
+	struct hash_table *pae_cache;
 	struct RE_renderer *renderer;
 	struct RE_camera camera;
 	mat4 proj_transform;
diff --git a/src/3d/3d_internal.h b/src/3d/3d_internal.h
index ff078f0..1e156a3 100644
--- a/src/3d/3d_internal.h
+++ b/src/3d/3d_internal.h
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ struct model {
 	struct bone *bones;
 	struct hash_table *bone_map;  // bone id in POL/MOT -> struct bone *
 	struct hash_table *bone_name_map;  // bone name -> (struct bone * | NULL)
+	struct hash_table *mot_cache;  // name -> struct mot *
 	vec3 aabb[2];  // axis-aligned bounding box
 	bool has_transparent_material;
 };
@@ -82,7 +83,6 @@ struct bone {
 struct motion {
 	struct RE_instance *instance;
 	struct mot *mot;
-	char *name;
 	int state;
 	float current_frame;
 	float frame_begin, frame_end;
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ void RE_renderer_free(struct RE_renderer *r);
 bool RE_renderer_load_billboard_texture(struct RE_renderer *r, int cg_no);
 struct height_detector *RE_renderer_create_height_detector(struct RE_renderer *r, struct model *model);
 void RE_renderer_free_height_detector(struct height_detector *hd);
-float RE_renderer_detect_height(struct height_detector *hd, float x, float z);
+bool RE_renderer_detect_height(struct height_detector *hd, float x, float z, float *y_out);
 void RE_calc_view_matrix(struct RE_camera *camera, vec3 up, mat4 out);
 
 // particle.c
@@ -272,7 +272,14 @@ struct particle_position {
 	struct particle_position_unit units[NR_PARTICLE_POSITION_UNITS];
 };
 
-struct particle_object {
+struct pae {
+	char *path;
+	struct hash_table *textures; // name -> struct billboard_texture*
+	int nr_objects;
+	struct pae_object *objects;
+};
+
+struct pae_object {
 	char *name;
 	enum particle_type type;
 	enum particle_move_type move_type;
@@ -325,9 +332,18 @@ struct particle_object {
 	float offset_x;
 	float offset_y;
 
-	// Runtime data
 	struct model *model;
-	struct particle_instance *instances;
+};
+
+struct particle_effect {
+	struct pae *pae;
+	struct particle_object *objects;  // pae->nr_objects elements
+	bool camera_quake_enabled;
+};
+
+struct particle_object {
+	struct pae_object *pae_obj;
+	struct particle_instance *instances;  // pae_obj->nr_particles elements
 	vec3_range pos;
 	vec3 move_vec, move_ortho;
 };
@@ -340,20 +356,15 @@ struct particle_instance {
 	float pitch_angle;
 };
 
-struct particle_effect {
-	char *path;
-	struct hash_table *textures; // name -> struct billboard_texture*
-	int nr_objects;
-	struct particle_object *objects;
-	bool camera_quake_enabled;
-};
+struct pae *pae_load(struct archive *aar, const char *path);
+void pae_free(struct pae *pae);
+void pae_calc_frame_range(struct pae *pae, struct motion *motion);
+float pae_object_calc_alpha(struct pae_object *po, struct particle_instance *pi, float frame);
 
-struct particle_effect *particle_effect_load(struct archive *aar, const char *path);
+struct particle_effect *particle_effect_create(struct pae *pae);
 void particle_effect_free(struct particle_effect *effect);
-void particle_effect_calc_frame_range(struct particle_effect *effect, struct motion *motion);
 void particle_effect_update(struct RE_instance *inst);
 void particle_object_calc_local_transform(struct RE_instance *inst, struct particle_object *po, struct particle_instance *pi, float frame, mat4 dest);
-float particle_object_calc_alpha(struct particle_object *po, struct particle_instance *pi, float frame);
 
 // parser.c
 
@@ -442,6 +453,7 @@ struct pol_bone {
 };
 
 struct mot {
+	char *name;
 	uint32_t nr_frames;
 	uint32_t nr_bones;
 	struct mot_bone *motions[];
@@ -487,7 +499,7 @@ void pol_free(struct pol *pol);
 void pol_compute_aabb(struct pol *model, vec3 dest[2]);
 struct pol_bone *pol_find_bone(struct pol *pol, uint32_t id);
 
-struct mot *mot_parse(uint8_t *data, size_t size);
+struct mot *mot_parse(uint8_t *data, size_t size, const char *name);
 void mot_free(struct mot *mot);
 
 struct amt *amt_parse(uint8_t *data, size_t size);
diff --git a/src/3d/debug.c b/src/3d/debug.c
index 0552eee..a7b9bfc 100644
--- a/src/3d/debug.c
+++ b/src/3d/debug.c
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ static void print_motion(const char *name, struct motion *m, int indent)
 		indent_printf(indent, "%s = {state=%s, frame=%f, range=(%d,%d), loop_range=(%d,%d)},\n",
 		              name, motion_state_name(m->state), m->current_frame,
 		              (int)m->frame_begin, (int)m->frame_end, (int)m->loop_frame_begin, (int)m->loop_frame_end);
-	} else {
+	} else if (m->mot) {
 		indent_printf(indent, "%s = {name=\"%s\", state=%s, frame=%f},\n",
-		              name, m->name, motion_state_name(m->state), m->current_frame);
+		              name, m->mot->name, motion_state_name(m->state), m->current_frame);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ static void print_instance(struct RE_instance *inst, int index, int indent)
 	if (inst->motion_blend)
 		indent_printf(indent, "motion_blend_rate = %f,\n", inst->motion_blend_rate);
 	if (inst->effect)
-		indent_printf(indent, "path = \"%s\",\n", inst->effect->path);
+		indent_printf(indent, "path = \"%s\",\n", inst->effect->pae->path);
 
 	indent--;
 	indent_printf(indent, "},\n");
diff --git a/src/3d/model.c b/src/3d/model.c
index 3936284..fb63fb6 100644
--- a/src/3d/model.c
+++ b/src/3d/model.c
@@ -422,6 +422,7 @@ struct model *model_load(struct archive *aar, const char *path)
 			ERROR("%s: Too many bones (%u)", model->path, pol->nr_bones);
 		model->bone_map = ht_create(pol->nr_bones * 3 / 2);
 		model->bone_name_map = ht_create(pol->nr_bones * 3 / 2);
+		model->mot_cache = ht_create(16);
 		model->bones = xcalloc(pol->nr_bones, sizeof(struct bone));
 		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pol->nr_bones; i++) {
 			add_bone(model, pol, &pol->bones[i]);
@@ -499,6 +500,10 @@ void model_free(struct model *model)
 		ht_free_int(model->bone_map);
 	if (model->bone_name_map)
 		ht_free(model->bone_name_map);
+	if (model->mot_cache) {
+		ht_foreach_value(model->mot_cache, (void(*)(void*))mot_free);
+		ht_free(model->mot_cache);
+	}
 
 	free(model->path);
 	free(model);
@@ -604,18 +609,14 @@ static int cmp_motions_by_bone_id(const void *lhs, const void *rhs)
 	return (*(struct mot_bone **)lhs)->id - (*(struct mot_bone **)rhs)->id;
 }
 
-struct motion *motion_load(const char *name, struct RE_instance *instance, struct archive *aar)
+static struct mot *mot_load(const char *name, struct model *model, struct archive *aar)
 {
-	struct model *model = instance->model;
-	if (!model)
-		return NULL;
-
 	struct archive_data *dfile = RE_get_aar_entry(aar, model->path, name, ".MOT");
 	if (!dfile) {
 		WARNING("%s\\%s.MOT: not found", model->path, name);
 		return NULL;
 	}
-	struct mot *mot = mot_parse(dfile->data, dfile->size);
+	struct mot *mot = mot_parse(dfile->data, dfile->size, name);
 	if (!mot) {
 		WARNING("%s: parse error", dfile->name);
 		archive_free_data(dfile);
@@ -640,18 +641,28 @@ struct motion *motion_load(const char *name, struct RE_instance *instance, struc
 	}
 	qsort(mot->motions, mot->nr_bones, sizeof(struct mot_bone *), cmp_motions_by_bone_id);
 
+	return mot;
+}
+
+struct motion *motion_load(const char *name, struct RE_instance *instance, struct archive *aar)
+{
+	struct model *model = instance->model;
+	if (!model || !model->mot_cache)
+		return NULL;
+	struct mot *mot = ht_get(model->mot_cache, name, NULL);
+	if (!mot) {
+		mot = mot_load(name, model, aar);
+		if (!mot)
+			return NULL;
+		ht_put(model->mot_cache, name, mot);
+	}
 	struct motion *motion = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct motion));
 	motion->instance = instance;
 	motion->mot = mot;
-	motion->name = strdup(name);
 	return motion;
 }
 
 void motion_free(struct motion *motion)
 {
-	if (motion->mot)
-		mot_free(motion->mot);
-	if (motion->name)
-		free(motion->name);
 	free(motion);
 }
diff --git a/src/3d/parser.c b/src/3d/parser.c
index 228853f..87383c2 100644
--- a/src/3d/parser.c
+++ b/src/3d/parser.c
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ struct pol_bone *pol_find_bone(struct pol *pol, uint32_t id)
 	return NULL;
 }
 
-struct mot *mot_parse(uint8_t *data, size_t size)
+struct mot *mot_parse(uint8_t *data, size_t size, const char *name)
 {
 	struct buffer r;
 	buffer_init(&r, data, size);
@@ -369,6 +369,7 @@ struct mot *mot_parse(uint8_t *data, size_t size)
 	uint32_t nr_bones = buffer_read_int32(&r);
 
 	struct mot *mot = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct mot) + nr_bones * sizeof(struct mot_bone *));
+	mot->name = strdup(name);
 	mot->nr_frames = nr_frames;
 	mot->nr_bones = nr_bones;
 	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nr_bones; i++) {
@@ -391,6 +392,7 @@ struct mot *mot_parse(uint8_t *data, size_t size)
 
 void mot_free(struct mot *mot)
 {
+	free(mot->name);
 	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < mot->nr_bones; i++) {
 		free(mot->motions[i]->name);
 		free(mot->motions[i]);
diff --git a/src/3d/particle.c b/src/3d/particle.c
index b9ac076..723cf20 100644
--- a/src/3d/particle.c
+++ b/src/3d/particle.c
@@ -239,10 +239,10 @@ static struct particle_position *parse_position(char **ptext)
 	return epos;
 }
 
-static struct particle_effect *parse_pae(char *text)
+static struct pae *parse_pae(char *text)
 {
-	struct particle_effect *pae = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct particle_effect));
-	struct particle_object *current_object = NULL;
+	struct pae *pae = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct pae));
+	struct pae_object *current_object = NULL;
 
 	for (;;) {
 		// Skip whitespaces and comments
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ static struct particle_effect *parse_pae(char *text)
 			if (!*text) { // EOF
 				return pae;
 			} else if (MATCH("オブジェクト " QUOTED_STRING " = {", string_buf)) {
-				pae->objects = xrealloc_array(pae->objects, pae->nr_objects, pae->nr_objects + 1, sizeof(struct particle_object));
+				pae->objects = xrealloc_array(pae->objects, pae->nr_objects, pae->nr_objects + 1, sizeof(struct pae_object));
 				current_object = &pae->objects[pae->nr_objects++];
 				current_object->name = utf2sjis(string_buf, 0);
 				// Default values.
@@ -449,15 +449,15 @@ static struct particle_effect *parse_pae(char *text)
 		}
 	}
  err:
-	particle_effect_free(pae);
+	pae_free(pae);
 	return NULL;
 }
 
-static void load_textures(struct particle_effect *effect, struct archive *aar)
+static void load_textures(struct pae *effect, struct archive *aar)
 {
 	effect->textures = ht_create(16);
 	for (int i = 0; i < effect->nr_objects; i++) {
-		struct particle_object *po = &effect->objects[i];
+		struct pae_object *po = &effect->objects[i];
 		for (int j = 0; j < po->nr_textures; j++) {
 			const char *name = po->textures[j];
 			if (ht_get(effect->textures, name, NULL))
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ static void eval_pos_for_instance(struct particle_position *pp, vec3 dest)
 	}
 }
 
-static float eval_child_slope(struct particle_object *po)
+static float eval_child_slope(struct pae_object *po)
 {
 	float slope = glm_lerp(po->child_begin_slope, po->child_end_slope, randf());
 	if (slope > 1.0)
@@ -607,29 +607,30 @@ static void interpolate_pos(vec3 begin, vec3 end, float move_curve, float t, vec
 
 static void init_particle_instances(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	po->instances = xcalloc(po->nr_particles, sizeof(struct particle_instance));
+	struct pae_object *pae_obj = po->pae_obj;
+	po->instances = xcalloc(pae_obj->nr_particles, sizeof(struct particle_instance));
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < po->nr_particles; i++) {
+	for (int i = 0; i < pae_obj->nr_particles; i++) {
 		struct particle_instance *pi = &po->instances[i];
-		switch (po->move_type) {
+		switch (pae_obj->move_type) {
 		case PARTICLE_MOVE_FIXED:
 		case PARTICLE_MOVE_LINEAR:
-			pi->begin_frame = po->begin_frame;
-			pi->end_frame = po->end_frame;
+			pi->begin_frame = pae_obj->begin_frame;
+			pi->end_frame = pae_obj->end_frame;
 			break;
 		case PARTICLE_MOVE_EMITTER:
-			pi->begin_frame = glm_lerp(po->child_create_begin_frame, po->child_create_end_frame, (float)i / po->nr_particles);
-			pi->end_frame = pi->begin_frame + po->child_frame;
-			pi->roll_angle = eval_child_slope(po);
+			pi->begin_frame = glm_lerp(pae_obj->child_create_begin_frame, pae_obj->child_create_end_frame, (float)i / pae_obj->nr_particles);
+			pi->end_frame = pi->begin_frame + pae_obj->child_frame;
+			pi->roll_angle = eval_child_slope(pae_obj);
 			pi->pitch_angle = randf() * (2.0f * GLM_PIf);
 			break;
 		}
-		eval_pos_for_instance(po->position[0], pi->random_offset.begin);
-		eval_pos_for_instance(po->position[1], pi->random_offset.end);
+		eval_pos_for_instance(pae_obj->position[0], pi->random_offset.begin);
+		eval_pos_for_instance(pae_obj->position[1], pi->random_offset.end);
 	}
 }
 
-struct particle_effect *particle_effect_load(struct archive *aar, const char *path)
+struct pae *pae_load(struct archive *aar, const char *path)
 {
 	const char *basename = strrchr(path, '\\');
 	basename = basename ? basename + 1 : path;
@@ -653,20 +654,19 @@ struct particle_effect *particle_effect_load(struct archive *aar, const char *pa
 	// clarity.
 	char *text = sjis2utf(sjis_text, dfile->size);
 	free(sjis_text);
-	struct particle_effect *effect = parse_pae(text);
+	struct pae *pae = parse_pae(text);
 	free(text);
-	if (!effect) {
+	if (!pae) {
 		WARNING("could not parse %s", dfile->name);
 		archive_free_data(dfile);
 		return NULL;
 	}
 	archive_free_data(dfile);
 
-	effect->path = strdup(path);
-	effect->camera_quake_enabled = true;
-	load_textures(effect, aar);
-	for (int i = 0; i < effect->nr_objects; i++) {
-		struct particle_object *po = &effect->objects[i];
+	pae->path = strdup(path);
+	load_textures(pae, aar);
+	for (int i = 0; i < pae->nr_objects; i++) {
+		struct pae_object *po = &pae->objects[i];
 
 		if (po->polygon_name && *po->polygon_name) {
 			char *pol_path = xmalloc(strlen(path) + strlen(po->polygon_name) + 2);
@@ -674,10 +674,22 @@ struct particle_effect *particle_effect_load(struct archive *aar, const char *pa
 			po->model = model_load(aar, pol_path);
 			free(pol_path);
 		}
-
-		init_particle_instances(po);
 	}
 
+	return pae;
+}
+
+struct particle_effect *particle_effect_create(struct pae *pae)
+{
+	struct particle_effect *effect = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct particle_effect));
+	effect->pae = pae;
+	effect->objects = xcalloc(pae->nr_objects, sizeof(struct particle_object));
+	effect->camera_quake_enabled = true;
+	for (int i = 0; i < pae->nr_objects; i++) {
+		struct particle_object *po = &effect->objects[i];
+		po->pae_obj = &pae->objects[i];
+		init_particle_instances(po);
+	}
 	return effect;
 }
 
@@ -699,10 +711,10 @@ static void particle_position_free(struct particle_position *pos)
 	free(pos);
 }
 
-void particle_effect_free(struct particle_effect *effect)
+void pae_free(struct pae *pae)
 {
-	for (int i = 0; i < effect->nr_objects; i++) {
-		struct particle_object *po = &effect->objects[i];
+	for (int i = 0; i < pae->nr_objects; i++) {
+		struct pae_object *po = &pae->objects[i];
 		free(po->name);
 		for (int j = 0; j < NR_PARTICLE_POSITIONS; j++)
 			particle_position_free(po->position[j]);
@@ -719,21 +731,30 @@ void particle_effect_free(struct particle_effect *effect)
 		free(po->damages);
 		if (po->model)
 			model_free(po->model);
-		free(po->instances);
 	}
-	ht_foreach_value(effect->textures, free_billboard_texture);
-	ht_free(effect->textures);
+	ht_foreach_value(pae->textures, free_billboard_texture);
+	ht_free(pae->textures);
+	free(pae->objects);
+	free(pae->path);
+	free(pae);
+}
+
+void particle_effect_free(struct particle_effect *effect)
+{
+	for (int i = 0; i < effect->pae->nr_objects; i++) {
+		struct particle_object *obj = &effect->objects[i];
+		free(obj->instances);
+	}
 	free(effect->objects);
-	free(effect->path);
 	free(effect);
 }
 
-void particle_effect_calc_frame_range(struct particle_effect *effect, struct motion *motion)
+void pae_calc_frame_range(struct pae *pae, struct motion *motion)
 {
 	int begin_frame = INT_MAX;
 	int end_frame = INT_MIN;
-	for (int i = 0; i < effect->nr_objects; i++) {
-		struct particle_object *po = &effect->objects[i];
+	for (int i = 0; i < pae->nr_objects; i++) {
+		struct pae_object *po = &pae->objects[i];
 		int obj_begin = po->begin_frame;
 		int obj_end = max(po->end_frame, po->child_create_end_frame + po->child_frame);
 		if (begin_frame > obj_begin)
@@ -745,7 +766,7 @@ void particle_effect_calc_frame_range(struct particle_effect *effect, struct mot
 	motion->frame_end = motion->loop_frame_end = end_frame;
 }
 
-static void update_camera_quake(struct RE_instance *inst, struct particle_object *po)
+static void update_camera_quake(struct RE_instance *inst, struct pae_object *po)
 {
 	float frame = inst->motion->current_frame - po->begin_frame;
 	float total_frames = po->end_frame - po->begin_frame;
@@ -769,19 +790,20 @@ void particle_effect_update(struct RE_instance *inst)
 	struct particle_effect *effect = inst->effect;
 	if (!effect)
 		return;
-	for (int i = 0; i < effect->nr_objects; i++) {
+	for (int i = 0; i < effect->pae->nr_objects; i++) {
 		struct particle_object *po = &effect->objects[i];
-		if (po->type == PARTICLE_TYPE_CAMERA_QUAKE) {
+		struct pae_object *pae_obj = po->pae_obj;
+		if (pae_obj->type == PARTICLE_TYPE_CAMERA_QUAKE) {
 			if (effect->camera_quake_enabled)
-				update_camera_quake(inst, po);
+				update_camera_quake(inst, pae_obj);
 			continue;
 		}
 		// These cannot be precomputed, because they may depend on the target's
 		// *current* bone matrix.
-		eval_pos_for_object(inst, po->position[0], po->pos.begin);
-		eval_pos_for_object(inst, po->position[1], po->pos.end);
+		eval_pos_for_object(inst, pae_obj->position[0], po->pos.begin);
+		eval_pos_for_object(inst, pae_obj->position[1], po->pos.end);
 		glm_vec3_sub(po->pos.end, po->pos.begin, po->move_vec);
-		switch (po->dir_type) {
+		switch (pae_obj->dir_type) {
 		case PARTICLE_DIR_TYPE_NORMAL:
 			glm_vec3_normalize(po->move_vec);
 			glm_vec3_ortho(po->move_vec, po->move_ortho);
@@ -798,45 +820,47 @@ void particle_effect_update(struct RE_instance *inst)
 
 static void calc_emitter_pos(struct particle_object *po, struct particle_instance *pi, float t, vec3 dest, vec3 move_vec)
 {
+	struct pae_object *pae_obj = po->pae_obj;
 	vec3 begin, end;
 	glm_vec3_add(po->pos.begin, pi->random_offset.begin, begin);
 	glm_vec3_add(po->pos.end, pi->random_offset.end, end);
-	interpolate_pos(begin, end, po->move_curve, t, dest);
+	interpolate_pos(begin, end, pae_obj->move_curve, t, dest);
 	if (move_vec)
 		glm_vec3_sub(end, begin, move_vec);
 
 	// Orbital rotation.
 	vec3 angle, dist;
-	glm_vec3_lerp(po->revolution_angle.begin, po->revolution_angle.end, t, angle);
-	glm_vec3_lerp(po->revolution_distance.begin, po->revolution_distance.end, t, dist);
+	glm_vec3_lerp(pae_obj->revolution_angle.begin, pae_obj->revolution_angle.end, t, angle);
+	glm_vec3_lerp(pae_obj->revolution_distance.begin, pae_obj->revolution_distance.end, t, dist);
 	glm_vec3_scale(angle, GLM_PIf / 180.0f, angle);  // deg -> rad
-	if (po->revolution_angle.begin[0] != 0.0f || po->revolution_angle.end[0] != 0.0f) {
+	if (pae_obj->revolution_angle.begin[0] != 0.0f || pae_obj->revolution_angle.end[0] != 0.0f) {
 		dest[1] += dist[0] * sinf(angle[0]);
 		dest[2] -= dist[0] * cosf(angle[0]);
 	}
-	if (po->revolution_angle.begin[1] != 0.0f || po->revolution_angle.end[1] != 0.0f) {
+	if (pae_obj->revolution_angle.begin[1] != 0.0f || pae_obj->revolution_angle.end[1] != 0.0f) {
 		dest[0] += dist[1] * sinf(angle[1]);
 		dest[2] -= dist[1] * cosf(angle[1]);
 	}
-	if (po->revolution_angle.begin[2] != 0.0f || po->revolution_angle.end[2] != 0.0f) {
+	if (pae_obj->revolution_angle.begin[2] != 0.0f || pae_obj->revolution_angle.end[2] != 0.0f) {
 		dest[1] += dist[2] * sinf(angle[2]);
 		dest[0] += dist[2] * cosf(angle[2]);
 	}
 
 	// Apply the curve.
-	glm_vec3_muladds(po->curve_length, 4.9f * t * (1.0f - t), dest);
+	glm_vec3_muladds(pae_obj->curve_length, 4.9f * t * (1.0f - t), dest);
 }
 
 static void calc_pos_and_up_vector(struct particle_object *po, struct particle_instance *pi, float t, vec3 pos, vec3 up_vector)
 {
-	switch (po->move_type) {
+	struct pae_object *pae_obj = po->pae_obj;
+	switch (pae_obj->move_type) {
 	case PARTICLE_MOVE_FIXED:
 		glm_vec3_add(po->pos.begin, pi->random_offset.begin, pos);
 		glm_vec3_copy(GLM_YUP, up_vector);
 		break;
 	case PARTICLE_MOVE_LINEAR:
 		calc_emitter_pos(po, pi, t, pos, up_vector);
-		switch (po->up_vector_type) {
+		switch (pae_obj->up_vector_type) {
 		case PARTICLE_UP_VECTOR_Y_AXIS:
 		case PARTICLE_UP_VECTOR_INSTANCE_MOVE:
 			glm_vec3_copy(GLM_YUP, up_vector);
@@ -852,12 +876,12 @@ static void calc_pos_and_up_vector(struct particle_object *po, struct particle_i
 	case PARTICLE_MOVE_EMITTER:
 		{
 			// Calculate the instance's initial and final position.
-			float t0 = glm_clamp_zo(glm_percent(po->begin_frame, po->end_frame, pi->begin_frame));
+			float t0 = glm_clamp_zo(glm_percent(pae_obj->begin_frame, pae_obj->end_frame, pi->begin_frame));
 			vec3_range inst_pos;
 			calc_emitter_pos(po, pi, t0, inst_pos.begin, NULL);
 			vec3 inst_move;
 			glm_vec3_copy(po->move_vec, inst_move);
-			switch (po->dir_type) {
+			switch (pae_obj->dir_type) {
 			case PARTICLE_DIR_TYPE_NORMAL:
 				glm_vec3_rotate(inst_move, pi->roll_angle, po->move_ortho);
 				glm_vec3_rotate(inst_move, pi->pitch_angle, po->move_vec);
@@ -867,12 +891,12 @@ static void calc_pos_and_up_vector(struct particle_object *po, struct particle_i
 				break;
 			}
 			glm_vec3_copy(inst_pos.begin, inst_pos.end);
-			switch (po->child_move_dir_type) {
+			switch (pae_obj->child_move_dir_type) {
 			case PARTICLE_CHILD_MOVE_DIR_NORMAL:
-				glm_vec3_muladds(inst_move, po->child_length, inst_pos.end);
+				glm_vec3_muladds(inst_move, pae_obj->child_length, inst_pos.end);
 				break;
 			case PARTICLE_CHILD_MOVE_DIR_REVERSE:
-				glm_vec3_muladds(inst_move, po->child_length, inst_pos.begin);
+				glm_vec3_muladds(inst_move, pae_obj->child_length, inst_pos.begin);
 				glm_vec3_negate(inst_move);
 				break;
 			}
@@ -880,7 +904,7 @@ static void calc_pos_and_up_vector(struct particle_object *po, struct particle_i
 			glm_vec3_lerp(inst_pos.begin, inst_pos.end, t, pos);
 
 			// Calculate the up vector.
-			switch (po->up_vector_type) {
+			switch (pae_obj->up_vector_type) {
 			case PARTICLE_UP_VECTOR_Y_AXIS:
 				glm_vec3_copy(GLM_YUP, up_vector);
 				break;
@@ -888,13 +912,13 @@ static void calc_pos_and_up_vector(struct particle_object *po, struct particle_i
 				glm_vec3_copy(po->move_vec, up_vector);
 				break;
 			case PARTICLE_UP_VECTOR_INSTANCE_MOVE:
-				if (po->child_length != 0.0f)
+				if (pae_obj->child_length != 0.0f)
 					glm_vec3_copy(inst_move, up_vector);
 				else
 					glm_vec3_copy(GLM_XUP, up_vector);
 				break;
 			}
-			if (po->dir_type == PARTICLE_DIR_TYPE_XY_PLANE) {
+			if (pae_obj->dir_type == PARTICLE_DIR_TYPE_XY_PLANE) {
 				mat3 rot = {{ inst_move[1], -inst_move[0], 0.0f },
 							{ inst_move[0],  inst_move[1], 0.0f },
 							{         0.0f,          0.0f, 1.0f }};
@@ -905,7 +929,7 @@ static void calc_pos_and_up_vector(struct particle_object *po, struct particle_i
 	}
 }
 
-static void calc_scale(struct particle_object *po, int frame, vec3 dest)
+static void calc_scale(struct pae_object *po, int frame, vec3 dest)
 {
 	glm_vec3_broadcast(po->sizes2[min(frame, po->nr_sizes2 - 1)], dest);
 	if (po->nr_sizes_x)
@@ -916,6 +940,7 @@ static void calc_scale(struct particle_object *po, int frame, vec3 dest)
 
 void particle_object_calc_local_transform(struct RE_instance *inst, struct particle_object *po, struct particle_instance *pi, float frame, mat4 dest)
 {
+	struct pae_object *pae_obj = po->pae_obj;
 	float t = glm_percent(pi->begin_frame, pi->end_frame, frame);
 
 	vec3 pos, up_vector;
@@ -927,7 +952,7 @@ void particle_object_calc_local_transform(struct RE_instance *inst, struct parti
 	float step_frac = rel_frame - cur_step;
 
 	glm_translate_make(dest, pos);
-	if (po->type == PARTICLE_TYPE_BILLBOARD) {
+	if (pae_obj->type == PARTICLE_TYPE_BILLBOARD) {
 		mat4 view_mat;
 		RE_calc_view_matrix(&inst->plugin->camera, up_vector, view_mat);
 		mat3 rot;
@@ -936,7 +961,7 @@ void particle_object_calc_local_transform(struct RE_instance *inst, struct parti
 	}
 
 	vec3 angles;
-	glm_vec3_lerp(po->rotation.begin, po->rotation.end, t, angles);
+	glm_vec3_lerp(pae_obj->rotation.begin, pae_obj->rotation.end, t, angles);
 	angles[0] *= -GLM_PIf / 180.0f;
 	angles[1] *= -GLM_PIf / 180.0f;
 	angles[2] *=  GLM_PIf / 180.0f;
@@ -944,21 +969,21 @@ void particle_object_calc_local_transform(struct RE_instance *inst, struct parti
 	glm_euler_zxy(angles, rotation_mat);
 	glm_mat4_mul(dest, rotation_mat, dest);
 
-	if (po->nr_sizes2 > 0) {
+	if (pae_obj->nr_sizes2 > 0) {
 		vec3 scale, scale2;
-		calc_scale(po, cur_step, scale);
-		calc_scale(po, next_step, scale2);
+		calc_scale(pae_obj, cur_step, scale);
+		calc_scale(pae_obj, next_step, scale2);
 		glm_vec3_lerp(scale, scale2, step_frac, scale);
 		glm_scale(dest, scale);
 	} else {
-		glm_scale_uni(dest, glm_lerp(po->size[0], po->size[1], t));
+		glm_scale_uni(dest, glm_lerp(pae_obj->size[0], pae_obj->size[1], t));
 	}
 
-	glm_translate_x(dest, -po->offset_x);
-	glm_translate_y(dest, -po->offset_y);
+	glm_translate_x(dest, -pae_obj->offset_x);
+	glm_translate_y(dest, -pae_obj->offset_y);
 }
 
-float particle_object_calc_alpha(struct particle_object *po, struct particle_instance *pi, float frame)
+float pae_object_calc_alpha(struct pae_object *po, struct particle_instance *pi, float frame)
 {
 	frame -= pi->begin_frame;
 	if (frame < po->alpha_fadein_frame)
diff --git a/src/3d/reign.c b/src/3d/reign.c
index a1e546f..ac56605 100644
--- a/src/3d/reign.c
+++ b/src/3d/reign.c
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include "system4.h"
 #include "system4/aar.h"
 #include "system4/cg.h"
+#include "system4/hashtable.h"
 #include "system4/string.h"
 
 #include "3d_internal.h"
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ static void unload_instance(struct RE_instance *instance)
 		instance->next_motion = NULL;
 	}
 	if (instance->model) {
-		model_free(instance->model);
+		// No need to free, model is owned by plugin->model_cache.
 		instance->model = NULL;
 	}
 	if (instance->effect) {
@@ -137,8 +138,12 @@ static void update_motion(struct motion *m, float delta_frame)
 
 static void calc_motion_frame(struct motion *m, int bone, struct mot_frame *out)
 {
-	int cur_frame = m->current_frame;
-	int next_frame = ceilf(m->current_frame);
+	uint32_t cur_frame = m->current_frame;
+	uint32_t next_frame = ceilf(m->current_frame);
+	if (next_frame >= m->mot->nr_frames) {
+		*out = m->mot->motions[bone]->frames[m->mot->nr_frames - 1];
+		return;
+	}
 	float t = m->current_frame - cur_frame;
 	struct mot_frame *frames = m->mot->motions[bone]->frames;
 	interpolate_motion_frame(&frames[cur_frame], &frames[next_frame], t, out);
@@ -215,6 +220,8 @@ struct RE_plugin *RE_plugin_new(void)
 	plugin->nr_instances = 16;
 	plugin->instances = xcalloc(plugin->nr_instances, sizeof(struct RE_instance *));
 	plugin->aar = aar;
+	plugin->model_cache = ht_create(32);
+	plugin->pae_cache = ht_create(32);
 	for (int i = 0; i < RE_NR_BACK_CGS; i++)
 		RE_back_cg_init(&plugin->back_cg[i]);
 	plugin->fog_type = RE_FOG_NONE;
@@ -232,6 +239,10 @@ void RE_plugin_free(struct RE_plugin *plugin)
 	}
 	free(plugin->instances);
 	archive_free(plugin->aar);
+	ht_foreach_value(plugin->model_cache, (void(*)(void*))model_free);
+	ht_free(plugin->model_cache);
+	ht_foreach_value(plugin->pae_cache, (void(*)(void*))pae_free);
+	ht_free(plugin->pae_cache);
 	if (plugin->renderer)
 		RE_renderer_free(plugin->renderer);
 	for (int i = 0; i < RE_NR_BACK_CGS; i++)
@@ -372,21 +383,34 @@ bool RE_instance_load(struct RE_instance *instance, const char *name)
 	if (name[0] == '\0')
 		return false;
 
+	struct pae *pae;
 	switch (instance->type) {
 	case RE_ITYPE_STATIC:
 	case RE_ITYPE_SKINNED:
-		instance->model = model_load(instance->plugin->aar, name);
+		instance->model = ht_get(instance->plugin->model_cache, name, NULL);
+		if (!instance->model) {
+			instance->model = model_load(instance->plugin->aar, name);
+			if (instance->model)
+				ht_put(instance->plugin->model_cache, name, instance->model);
+		}
 		if (instance->model && instance->model->nr_bones > 0)
 			instance->bone_transforms = xcalloc(instance->model->nr_bones, sizeof(mat4));
 		return !!instance->model;
 	case RE_ITYPE_PARTICLE_EFFECT:
-		instance->effect = particle_effect_load(instance->plugin->aar, name);
+		pae = ht_get(instance->plugin->pae_cache, name, NULL);
+		if (!pae) {
+			pae = pae_load(instance->plugin->aar, name);
+			if (!pae)
+				return false;
+			ht_put(instance->plugin->pae_cache, name, pae);
+		}
+		instance->effect = particle_effect_create(pae);
 		if (!instance->motion) {
 			instance->motion = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct motion));
 			instance->motion->instance = instance;
-			particle_effect_calc_frame_range(instance->effect, instance->motion);
+			pae_calc_frame_range(instance->effect->pae, instance->motion);
 		}
-		return !!instance->effect;
+		return true;
 	default:
 		WARNING("Invalid instance type %d", instance->type);
 		return false;
@@ -468,8 +492,19 @@ float RE_instance_calc_height(struct RE_instance *instance, float x, float z)
 	if (!instance->height_detector) {
 		instance->height_detector = RE_renderer_create_height_detector(instance->plugin->renderer, instance->model);
 	}
-	float y = RE_renderer_detect_height(instance->height_detector, x, z);
-	return y;
+
+	float y;
+	if (RE_renderer_detect_height(instance->height_detector, x, z, &y))
+		return y;
+
+	// Return the average of 4 neighbors.
+	int cnt = 0;
+	float total = 0.0f;
+	if (RE_renderer_detect_height(instance->height_detector, x - 0.5f, z, &y)) { cnt++; total += y; }
+	if (RE_renderer_detect_height(instance->height_detector, x + 0.5f, z, &y)) { cnt++; total += y; }
+	if (RE_renderer_detect_height(instance->height_detector, x, z - 0.5f, &y)) { cnt++; total += y; }
+	if (RE_renderer_detect_height(instance->height_detector, x, z + 0.5f, &y)) { cnt++; total += y; }
+	return cnt ? total / cnt : 0.0f;
 }
 
 bool RE_instance_set_debug_draw_shadow_volume(struct RE_instance *inst, bool draw)
@@ -565,7 +600,7 @@ bool RE_motion_set_loop_frame_range(struct motion *motion, float begin, float en
 
 int RE_effect_get_num_object(struct particle_effect *effect)
 {
-	return effect ? effect->nr_objects : 0;
+	return effect ? effect->pae->nr_objects : 0;
 }
 
 bool RE_effect_get_camera_quake_flag(struct particle_effect *effect)
@@ -583,47 +618,47 @@ bool RE_effect_set_camera_quake_flag(struct particle_effect *effect, bool enable
 
 struct particle_object *RE_get_effect_object(struct particle_effect *effect, unsigned object)
 {
-	if (!effect || object >= (unsigned)effect->nr_objects)
+	if (!effect || object >= (unsigned)effect->pae->nr_objects)
 		return NULL;
 	return &effect->objects[object];
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_type(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->type : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->type : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_move_type(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->move_type : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->move_type : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_up_vec_type(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->up_vector_type : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->up_vector_type : 0;
 }
 
 float RE_particle_get_move_curve(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->move_curve : 0.0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->move_curve : 0.0;
 }
 
 void RE_particle_get_frame(struct particle_object *po, int *begin_frame, int *end_frame)
 {
 	if (!po)
 		return;
-	*begin_frame = po->begin_frame;
-	*end_frame = po->end_frame;
+	*begin_frame = po->pae_obj->begin_frame;
+	*end_frame = po->pae_obj->end_frame;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_stop_frame(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->stop_frame : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->stop_frame : 0;
 }
 
 const char *RE_particle_get_name(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->name : NULL;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->name : NULL;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_num_pos(struct particle_object *po)
@@ -638,9 +673,9 @@ int RE_particle_get_num_pos_unit(struct particle_object *po, int pos)
 
 static struct particle_position_unit *get_position_unit(struct particle_object *po, int pos, int unit)
 {
-	if (!po || pos >= NR_PARTICLE_POSITIONS || !po->position[pos] || unit >= NR_PARTICLE_POSITION_UNITS)
+	if (!po || pos >= NR_PARTICLE_POSITIONS || !po->pae_obj->position[pos] || unit >= NR_PARTICLE_POSITION_UNITS)
 		return NULL;
-	return &po->position[pos]->units[unit];
+	return &po->pae_obj->position[pos]->units[unit];
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_pos_unit_type(struct particle_object *po, int pos, int unit)
@@ -666,298 +701,298 @@ int RE_particle_get_pos_unit_index(struct particle_object *po, int pos, int unit
 
 int RE_particle_get_num_texture(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->nr_textures : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->nr_textures : 0;
 }
 
 const char *RE_particle_get_texture(struct particle_object *po, int texture)
 {
-	if (!po || texture >= po->nr_textures)
+	if (!po || texture >= po->pae_obj->nr_textures)
 		return NULL;
-	return po->textures[texture];
+	return po->pae_obj->textures[texture];
 }
 
 bool RE_particle_get_size(struct particle_object *po, float *begin_size, float *end_size)
 {
 	if (!po)
 		return false;
-	*begin_size = po->size[0];
-	*end_size = po->size[1];
+	*begin_size = po->pae_obj->size[0];
+	*end_size = po->pae_obj->size[1];
 	return true;
 }
 
 bool RE_particle_get_size2(struct particle_object *po, int frame, float *size)
 {
-	if (!po || frame >= po->nr_sizes2)
+	if (!po || frame >= po->pae_obj->nr_sizes2)
 		return false;
-	*size = po->sizes2[frame];
+	*size = po->pae_obj->sizes2[frame];
 	return true;
 }
 
 bool RE_particle_get_size_x(struct particle_object *po, int frame, float *size)
 {
-	if (!po || frame >= po->nr_sizes_x)
+	if (!po || frame >= po->pae_obj->nr_sizes_x)
 		return false;
-	*size = po->sizes_x[frame];
+	*size = po->pae_obj->sizes_x[frame];
 	return true;
 }
 
 bool RE_particle_get_size_y(struct particle_object *po, int frame, float *size)
 {
-	if (!po || frame >= po->nr_sizes_y)
+	if (!po || frame >= po->pae_obj->nr_sizes_y)
 		return false;
-	*size = po->sizes_y[frame];
+	*size = po->pae_obj->sizes_y[frame];
 	return true;
 }
 
 bool RE_particle_get_size_type(struct particle_object *po, int frame, int *type)
 {
-	if (!po || frame >= po->nr_size_types)
+	if (!po || frame >= po->pae_obj->nr_size_types)
 		return false;
-	*type = po->size_types[frame];
+	*type = po->pae_obj->size_types[frame];
 	return true;
 }
 
 bool RE_particle_get_size_x_type(struct particle_object *po, int frame, int *type)
 {
-	if (!po || frame >= po->nr_size_x_types)
+	if (!po || frame >= po->pae_obj->nr_size_x_types)
 		return false;
-	*type = po->size_x_types[frame];
+	*type = po->pae_obj->size_x_types[frame];
 	return true;
 }
 
 bool RE_particle_get_size_y_type(struct particle_object *po, int frame, int *type)
 {
-	if (!po || frame >= po->nr_size_y_types)
+	if (!po || frame >= po->pae_obj->nr_size_y_types)
 		return false;
-	*type = po->size_y_types[frame];
+	*type = po->pae_obj->size_y_types[frame];
 	return true;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_num_size2(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->nr_sizes2 : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->nr_sizes2 : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_num_size_x(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->nr_sizes_x : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->nr_sizes_x : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_num_size_y(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->nr_sizes_y : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->nr_sizes_y : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_num_size_type(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->nr_size_types : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->nr_size_types : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_num_size_x_type(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->nr_size_x_types : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->nr_size_x_types : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_num_size_y_type(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->nr_size_y_types : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->nr_size_y_types : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_blend_type(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->blend_type : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->blend_type : 0;
 }
 
 const char *RE_particle_get_polygon_name(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->polygon_name : NULL;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->polygon_name : NULL;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_num_particles(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->nr_particles : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->nr_particles : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_alpha_fadein_time(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->alpha_fadein_time : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->alpha_fadein_time : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_alpha_fadeout_time(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->alpha_fadeout_time : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->alpha_fadeout_time : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_texture_anime_time(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->texture_anime_time : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->texture_anime_time : 0;
 }
 
 float RE_particle_get_alpha_fadein_frame(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->alpha_fadein_frame : 0.0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->alpha_fadein_frame : 0.0;
 }
 
 float RE_particle_get_alpha_fadeout_frame(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->alpha_fadeout_frame : 0.0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->alpha_fadeout_frame : 0.0;
 }
 
 float RE_particle_get_texture_anime_frame(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->texture_anime_frame : 0.0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->texture_anime_frame : 0.0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_frame_ref_type(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->frame_ref_type : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->frame_ref_type : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_frame_ref_param(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->frame_ref_param : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->frame_ref_param : 0;
 }
 
 void RE_particle_get_x_rotation_angle(struct particle_object *po, float *begin_angle, float *end_angle)
 {
 	if (!po)
 		return;
-	*begin_angle = po->rotation.begin[0];
-	*end_angle = po->rotation.end[0];
+	*begin_angle = po->pae_obj->rotation.begin[0];
+	*end_angle = po->pae_obj->rotation.end[0];
 }
 
 void RE_particle_get_y_rotation_angle(struct particle_object *po, float *begin_angle, float *end_angle)
 {
 	if (!po)
 		return;
-	*begin_angle = po->rotation.begin[1];
-	*end_angle = po->rotation.end[1];
+	*begin_angle = po->pae_obj->rotation.begin[1];
+	*end_angle = po->pae_obj->rotation.end[1];
 }
 
 void RE_particle_get_z_rotation_angle(struct particle_object *po, float *begin_angle, float *end_angle)
 {
 	if (!po)
 		return;
-	*begin_angle = po->rotation.begin[2];
-	*end_angle = po->rotation.end[2];
+	*begin_angle = po->pae_obj->rotation.begin[2];
+	*end_angle = po->pae_obj->rotation.end[2];
 }
 
 void RE_particle_get_x_revolution_angle(struct particle_object *po, float *begin_angle, float *end_angle)
 {
 	if (!po)
 		return;
-	*begin_angle = po->revolution_angle.begin[0];
-	*end_angle = po->revolution_angle.end[0];
+	*begin_angle = po->pae_obj->revolution_angle.begin[0];
+	*end_angle = po->pae_obj->revolution_angle.end[0];
 }
 
 void RE_particle_get_x_revolution_distance(struct particle_object *po, float *begin_distance, float *end_distance)
 {
 	if (!po)
 		return;
-	*begin_distance = po->revolution_distance.begin[0];
-	*end_distance = po->revolution_distance.end[0];
+	*begin_distance = po->pae_obj->revolution_distance.begin[0];
+	*end_distance = po->pae_obj->revolution_distance.end[0];
 }
 
 void RE_particle_get_y_revolution_angle(struct particle_object *po, float *begin_angle, float *end_angle)
 {
 	if (!po)
 		return;
-	*begin_angle = po->revolution_angle.begin[1];
-	*end_angle = po->revolution_angle.end[1];
+	*begin_angle = po->pae_obj->revolution_angle.begin[1];
+	*end_angle = po->pae_obj->revolution_angle.end[1];
 }
 
 void RE_particle_get_y_revolution_distance(struct particle_object *po, float *begin_distance, float *end_distance)
 {
 	if (!po)
 		return;
-	*begin_distance = po->revolution_distance.begin[1];
-	*end_distance = po->revolution_distance.end[1];
+	*begin_distance = po->pae_obj->revolution_distance.begin[1];
+	*end_distance = po->pae_obj->revolution_distance.end[1];
 }
 
 void RE_particle_get_z_revolution_angle(struct particle_object *po, float *begin_angle, float *end_angle)
 {
 	if (!po)
 		return;
-	*begin_angle = po->revolution_angle.begin[2];
-	*end_angle = po->revolution_angle.end[2];
+	*begin_angle = po->pae_obj->revolution_angle.begin[2];
+	*end_angle = po->pae_obj->revolution_angle.end[2];
 }
 
 void RE_particle_get_z_revolution_distance(struct particle_object *po, float *begin_distance, float *end_distance)
 {
 	if (!po)
 		return;
-	*begin_distance = po->revolution_distance.begin[2];
-	*end_distance = po->revolution_distance.end[2];
+	*begin_distance = po->pae_obj->revolution_distance.begin[2];
+	*end_distance = po->pae_obj->revolution_distance.end[2];
 }
 
 bool RE_particle_get_curve_length(struct particle_object *po, vec3 out)
 {
 	if (!po)
 		return false;
-	glm_vec3_copy(po->curve_length, out);
+	glm_vec3_copy(po->pae_obj->curve_length, out);
 	return true;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_child_frame(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->child_frame : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->child_frame : 0;
 }
 
 float RE_particle_get_child_length(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->child_length : 0.0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->child_length : 0.0;
 }
 
 float RE_particle_get_child_begin_slope(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->child_begin_slope : 0.0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->child_begin_slope : 0.0;
 }
 
 float RE_particle_get_child_end_slope(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->child_end_slope : 0.0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->child_end_slope : 0.0;
 }
 
 float RE_particle_get_child_create_begin_frame(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->child_create_begin_frame : 0.0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->child_create_begin_frame : 0.0;
 }
 
 float RE_particle_get_child_create_end_frame(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->child_create_end_frame : 0.0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->child_create_end_frame : 0.0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_child_move_dir_type(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->child_move_dir_type : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->child_move_dir_type : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_dir_type(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->dir_type : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->dir_type : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_num_damage(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->nr_damages : 0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->nr_damages : 0;
 }
 
 int RE_particle_get_damage(struct particle_object *po, int frame)
 {
-	if (!po || frame >= po->nr_damages)
+	if (!po || frame >= po->pae_obj->nr_damages)
 		return 0;
-	return po->damages[frame];
+	return po->pae_obj->damages[frame];
 }
 
 float RE_particle_get_offset_x(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->offset_x : 0.0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->offset_x : 0.0;
 }
 
 float RE_particle_get_offset_y(struct particle_object *po)
 {
-	return po ? po->offset_y : 0.0;
+	return po ? po->pae_obj->offset_y : 0.0;
 }
 
 bool RE_effect_get_frame_range(struct RE_instance *instance, int *begin_frame, int *end_frame)
diff --git a/src/3d/renderer.c b/src/3d/renderer.c
index ef8974e..bf4fd5b 100644
--- a/src/3d/renderer.c
+++ b/src/3d/renderer.c
@@ -490,7 +490,8 @@ static void render_billboard(struct RE_instance *inst, struct RE_renderer *r, ma
 
 static void render_billboard_particles(struct RE_renderer *r, struct RE_instance *inst, struct particle_object *po, float frame)
 {
-	if (po->nr_textures == 0)
+	struct pae_object *pae_obj = po->pae_obj;
+	if (pae_obj->nr_textures == 0)
 		return;
 
 	glUniform1i(r->diffuse_type, DIFFUSE_EMISSIVE);
@@ -500,19 +501,19 @@ static void render_billboard_particles(struct RE_renderer *r, struct RE_instance
 	glUniform1i(r->texture, 0);
 	glBindVertexArray(r->billboard_vao);
 
-	for (int index = 0; index < po->nr_particles; index++) {
+	for (int index = 0; index < pae_obj->nr_particles; index++) {
 		struct particle_instance *pi = &po->instances[index];
-		if (frame < pi->begin_frame || pi->end_frame < frame)
+		if (frame < pi->begin_frame || pi->end_frame <= frame)
 			continue;
 
-		int step = (int)((frame - pi->begin_frame) / po->texture_anime_frame);
-		struct billboard_texture *bt = ht_get(inst->effect->textures, po->textures[step % po->nr_textures], NULL);
+		int step = (int)((frame - pi->begin_frame) / pae_obj->texture_anime_frame);
+		struct billboard_texture *bt = ht_get(inst->effect->pae->textures, pae_obj->textures[step % pae_obj->nr_textures], NULL);
 		if (!bt)
 			continue;
 		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, bt->texture);
 
-		float alpha = particle_object_calc_alpha(po, pi, frame);
-		if (po->blend_type == PARTICLE_BLEND_ADDITIVE && !bt->has_alpha)
+		float alpha = pae_object_calc_alpha(pae_obj, pi, frame);
+		if (pae_obj->blend_type == PARTICLE_BLEND_ADDITIVE && !bt->has_alpha)
 			alpha *= alpha;  // why...
 		glUniform1f(r->alpha_mod, alpha);
 
@@ -530,19 +531,20 @@ static void render_billboard_particles(struct RE_renderer *r, struct RE_instance
 
 static void render_polygon_particles(struct RE_renderer *r, struct RE_instance *inst, struct particle_object *po, float frame)
 {
-	struct model *model = po->model;
+	struct pae_object *pae_obj = po->pae_obj;
+	struct model *model = pae_obj->model;
 	if (!model)
 		return;
 
 	glUniform1i(r->diffuse_type, DIFFUSE_NORMAL);
 	glUniform1i(r->fog_type, inst->plugin->fog_mode ? inst->plugin->fog_type : 0);
 
-	for (int index = 0; index < po->nr_particles; index++) {
+	for (int index = 0; index < pae_obj->nr_particles; index++) {
 		struct particle_instance *pi = &po->instances[index];
-		if (frame < pi->begin_frame || pi->end_frame < frame)
+		if (frame < pi->begin_frame || pi->end_frame <= frame)
 			continue;
 
-		float alpha = particle_object_calc_alpha(po, pi, frame);
+		float alpha = pae_object_calc_alpha(pae_obj, pi, frame);
 		glUniform1f(r->alpha_mod, alpha);
 
 		mat4 local_transform;
@@ -588,10 +590,10 @@ static void render_particle_effect(struct RE_instance *inst, struct RE_renderer
 
 	glDepthMask(GL_FALSE);
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < inst->effect->nr_objects; i++) {
+	for (int i = 0; i < inst->effect->pae->nr_objects; i++) {
 		struct particle_object *po = &inst->effect->objects[i];
 
-		switch (po->blend_type) {
+		switch (po->pae_obj->blend_type) {
 		case PARTICLE_BLEND_NORMAL:
 			glBlendFuncSeparate(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ZERO, GL_ONE);
 			break;
@@ -600,7 +602,7 @@ static void render_particle_effect(struct RE_instance *inst, struct RE_renderer
 			break;
 		}
 
-		switch (po->type) {
+		switch (po->pae_obj->type) {
 		case PARTICLE_TYPE_BILLBOARD:
 			render_billboard_particles(r, inst, po, inst->motion->current_frame);
 			break;
@@ -968,7 +970,7 @@ void RE_renderer_free_height_detector(struct height_detector *hd)
 	free(hd);
 }
 
-float RE_renderer_detect_height(struct height_detector *hd, float x, float z)
+bool RE_renderer_detect_height(struct height_detector *hd, float x, float z, float *y_out)
 {
 	float minx = hd->aabb[0][0];
 	float maxx = hd->aabb[1][0];
@@ -977,9 +979,12 @@ float RE_renderer_detect_height(struct height_detector *hd, float x, float z)
 	float minz = hd->aabb[0][2];
 	float maxz = hd->aabb[1][2];
 	if (x < minx || x > maxx || z < minz || z > maxz)
-		return 0.0;
+		return false;
 	int px = glm_percent(minx, maxx, x) * SHADOW_WIDTH;
 	int pz = glm_percent(maxz, minz, z) * SHADOW_HEIGHT;
-	float py = hd->buf[pz * SHADOW_WIDTH + px] / 65535.0;
-	return glm_lerp(maxy, miny, py);
+	GLushort val = hd->buf[pz * SHADOW_WIDTH + px];
+	if (!val)
+		return false;
+	*y_out = glm_lerp(maxy, miny, val / 65535.0f);
+	return true;
 }