diff --git a/include/reign.h b/include/reign.h
index 29a92dc..9018670 100644
--- a/include/reign.h
+++ b/include/reign.h
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ bool RE_instance_load(struct RE_instance *instance, const char *name);
 bool RE_instance_load_motion(struct RE_instance *instance, const char *name);
 bool RE_instance_load_next_motion(struct RE_instance *instance, const char *name);
 bool RE_instance_free_next_motion(struct RE_instance *instance);
+bool RE_instance_set_vertex_pos(struct RE_instance *instance, int index, float x, float y, float z);
 
 int RE_motion_get_state(struct motion *motion);
 bool RE_motion_set_state(struct motion *motion, int state);
diff --git a/src/3d/3d_internal.h b/src/3d/3d_internal.h
index 5fe0004..bd7422c 100644
--- a/src/3d/3d_internal.h
+++ b/src/3d/3d_internal.h
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ struct bone {
 };
 
 struct motion {
+	struct RE_instance *instance;
 	struct mot *mot;
 	char *name;
 	int state;
@@ -83,21 +84,29 @@ struct RE_renderer {
 	GLint vertex_bone_weight;
 
 	mat4 bone_transforms[MAX_BONES];
+	GLuint billboard_vao;
+	GLuint billboard_attr_buffer;
+	struct hash_table *billboard_textures;  // cg_no -> struct billboard_texture*
 	uint32_t last_frame_timestamp;
 };
 
+struct billboard_texture {
+	GLuint texture;
+};
+
 // model.c
 
 struct model *model_load(struct archive *aar, const char *path, struct RE_renderer *renderer);
 void model_free(struct model *model);
 
-struct motion *motion_load(const char *name, struct model *model, struct archive *aar);
+struct motion *motion_load(const char *name, struct RE_instance *instance, struct archive *aar);
 void motion_free(struct motion *motion);
 
 // renderer.c
 
 struct RE_renderer *RE_renderer_new(struct texture *texture);
 void RE_renderer_free(struct RE_renderer *r);
+bool RE_renderer_load_billboard_texture(struct RE_renderer *r, int cg_no);
 
 // parser.c
 
diff --git a/src/3d/debug.c b/src/3d/debug.c
index b1ec04c..e8c41ec 100644
--- a/src/3d/debug.c
+++ b/src/3d/debug.c
@@ -47,8 +47,14 @@ static const char *motion_state_name(enum RE_motion_state state)
 
 static void print_motion(const char *name, struct motion *m, int indent)
 {
-	indent_printf(indent, "%s = {name=\"%s\", state=%s, frame=%f},\n",
-	              name, m->name, motion_state_name(m->state), m->current_frame);
+	if (m->instance->type == RE_ITYPE_BILLBOARD) {
+		indent_printf(indent, "%s = {state=%s, frame=%f, range=(%d,%d), loop_range=(%d,%d)},\n",
+		              name, motion_state_name(m->state), m->current_frame,
+		              (int)m->frame_begin, (int)m->frame_end, (int)m->loop_frame_begin, (int)m->loop_frame_end);
+	} else {
+		indent_printf(indent, "%s = {name=\"%s\", state=%s, frame=%f},\n",
+		              name, m->name, motion_state_name(m->state), m->current_frame);
+	}
 }
 
 static void print_instance(struct RE_instance *inst, int index, int indent)
diff --git a/src/3d/model.c b/src/3d/model.c
index 939a5ac..664b1e2 100644
--- a/src/3d/model.c
+++ b/src/3d/model.c
@@ -308,8 +308,11 @@ static int cmp_motions_by_bone_id(const void *lhs, const void *rhs)
 	return (*(struct mot_bone **)lhs)->id - (*(struct mot_bone **)rhs)->id;
 }
 
-struct motion *motion_load(const char *name, struct model *model, struct archive *aar)
+struct motion *motion_load(const char *name, struct RE_instance *instance, struct archive *aar)
 {
+	struct model *model = instance->model;
+	if (!model)
+		return NULL;
 	char *motname = xmalloc(strlen(model->path) + strlen(name) + 6);
 	sprintf(motname, "%s\\%s.MOT", model->path, name);
 
@@ -343,6 +346,7 @@ struct motion *motion_load(const char *name, struct model *model, struct archive
 	qsort(mot->motions, mot->nr_bones, sizeof(struct mot_bone *), cmp_motions_by_bone_id);
 
 	struct motion *motion = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct motion));
+	motion->instance = instance;
 	motion->mot = mot;
 	motion->name = strdup(name);
 	return motion;
@@ -350,7 +354,9 @@ struct motion *motion_load(const char *name, struct model *model, struct archive
 
 void motion_free(struct motion *motion)
 {
-	mot_free(motion->mot);
-	free(motion->name);
+	if (motion->mot)
+		mot_free(motion->mot);
+	if (motion->name)
+		free(motion->name);
 	free(motion);
 }
diff --git a/src/3d/reign.c b/src/3d/reign.c
index f156dc0..47918ca 100644
--- a/src/3d/reign.c
+++ b/src/3d/reign.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * along with this program; if not, see <http://gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
+#include <assert.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -184,10 +185,18 @@ bool RE_instance_set_type(struct RE_instance *instance, int type)
 		ERROR("instance type cannot be changed");
 	switch (type) {
 	case RE_ITYPE_STATIC:
+		break;
 	case RE_ITYPE_SKINNED:
+		break;
 	case RE_ITYPE_BILLBOARD:
+		assert(!instance->motion);
+		instance->motion = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct motion));
+		instance->motion->instance = instance;
+		break;
 	case RE_ITYPE_DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT:
+		break;
 	case RE_ITYPE_SPECULAR_LIGHT:
+		break;
 	case RE_ITYPE_PARTICLE_EFFECT:
 		break;
 	default:
@@ -210,21 +219,21 @@ bool RE_instance_load(struct RE_instance *instance, const char *name)
 
 bool RE_instance_load_motion(struct RE_instance *instance, const char *name)
 {
-	if (!instance || !instance->model)
+	if (!instance)
 		return false;
 	if (instance->motion)
 		motion_free(instance->motion);
-	instance->motion = motion_load(name, instance->model, instance->plugin->aar);
+	instance->motion = motion_load(name, instance, instance->plugin->aar);
 	return !!instance->motion;
 }
 
 bool RE_instance_load_next_motion(struct RE_instance *instance, const char *name)
 {
-	if (!instance || !instance->model)
+	if (!instance)
 		return false;
 	if (instance->next_motion)
 		motion_free(instance->next_motion);
-	instance->next_motion = motion_load(name, instance->model, instance->plugin->aar);
+	instance->next_motion = motion_load(name, instance, instance->plugin->aar);
 	return !!instance->next_motion;
 }
 
@@ -237,6 +246,21 @@ bool RE_instance_free_next_motion(struct RE_instance *instance)
 	return true;
 }
 
+bool RE_instance_set_vertex_pos(struct RE_instance *instance, int index, float x, float y, float z)
+{
+	if (!instance)
+		return false;
+	if (instance->type != RE_ITYPE_BILLBOARD)
+		ERROR("not implemented");
+	// Hack: This works because SetInstanceVertexPos is only used to scale
+	// billboards, and SetInstanceScale is not used for billboards.
+	if (index == 1) {
+		instance->scale[0] = x;
+		instance->scale[1] = y / 2.0;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
 int RE_motion_get_state(struct motion *motion)
 {
 	return motion ? motion->state : RE_MOTION_STATE_STOP;
@@ -269,6 +293,12 @@ bool RE_motion_set_frame_range(struct motion *motion, float begin, float end)
 		return false;
 	motion->frame_begin = begin;
 	motion->frame_end = end;
+	if (motion->instance->type == RE_ITYPE_BILLBOARD) {
+		for (int i = begin; i < end; i++) {
+			if (!RE_renderer_load_billboard_texture(motion->instance->plugin->renderer, i))
+				return false;
+		}
+	}
 	return true;
 }
 
@@ -278,6 +308,12 @@ bool RE_motion_set_loop_frame_range(struct motion *motion, float begin, float en
 		return false;
 	motion->loop_frame_begin = begin;
 	motion->loop_frame_end = end;
+	if (motion->instance->type == RE_ITYPE_BILLBOARD) {
+		for (int i = begin; i < end; i++) {
+			if (!RE_renderer_load_billboard_texture(motion->instance->plugin->renderer, i))
+				return false;
+		}
+	}
 	return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/3d/renderer.c b/src/3d/renderer.c
index 98eb327..b2efed8 100644
--- a/src/3d/renderer.c
+++ b/src/3d/renderer.c
@@ -18,12 +18,46 @@
 #include <cglm/cglm.h>
 
 #include "system4.h"
+#include "system4/cg.h"
+#include "system4/hashtable.h"
 
 #include "3d_internal.h"
+#include "asset_manager.h"
 #include "reign.h"
 #include "sact.h"
 #include "vm.h"
 
+static void init_billboard_mesh(struct RE_renderer *r)
+{
+	static const GLfloat vertices[] = {
+		// x,    y,   z,    u,   v
+		-1.0,  2.0, 0.0,  0.0, 0.0,
+		-1.0,  0.0, 0.0,  0.0, 1.0,
+		 1.0,  2.0, 0.0,  1.0, 0.0,
+		 1.0,  0.0, 0.0,  1.0, 1.0,
+	};
+	glGenVertexArrays(1, &r->billboard_vao);
+	glBindVertexArray(r->billboard_vao);
+	glGenBuffers(1, &r->billboard_attr_buffer);
+	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, r->billboard_attr_buffer);
+
+	glEnableVertexAttribArray(r->shader.vertex);
+	glVertexAttribPointer(r->shader.vertex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 20, (const void *)0);
+	glEnableVertexAttribArray(r->vertex_uv);
+	glVertexAttribPointer(r->vertex_uv, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 20, (const void *)12);
+	glDisableVertexAttribArray(r->vertex_normal);
+	glVertexAttrib3f(r->vertex_normal, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+	glDisableVertexAttribArray(r->vertex_bone_index);
+	glVertexAttribI4i(r->vertex_bone_index, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+	glDisableVertexAttribArray(r->vertex_bone_weight);
+	glVertexAttrib4f(r->vertex_bone_weight, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+
+	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+
+	glBindVertexArray(0);
+	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+}
+
 struct RE_renderer *RE_renderer_new(struct texture *texture)
 {
 	struct RE_renderer *r = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct RE_renderer));
@@ -44,14 +78,52 @@ struct RE_renderer *RE_renderer_new(struct texture *texture)
 	glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT16, texture->w, texture->h);
 	glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0);
 
+	init_billboard_mesh(r);
+	r->billboard_textures = ht_create(256);
 	r->last_frame_timestamp = SDL_GetTicks();
 	return r;
 }
 
+bool RE_renderer_load_billboard_texture(struct RE_renderer *r, int cg_no)
+{
+	if (ht_get_int(r->billboard_textures, cg_no, NULL))
+		return true;
+
+	struct cg *cg = asset_cg_load(cg_no);
+	if (!cg)
+		return false;
+
+	struct billboard_texture *bt = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct billboard_texture));
+	glGenTextures(1, &bt->texture);
+	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, bt->texture);
+	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, cg->metrics.w, cg->metrics.h, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, cg->pixels);
+	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
+	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+	glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+
+	cg_free(cg);
+	ht_put_int(r->billboard_textures, cg_no, bt);
+	return true;
+}
+
+static void free_billboard_texture(void *value)
+{
+	struct billboard_texture *bt = value;
+	glDeleteTextures(1, &bt->texture);
+	free(bt);
+}
+
 void RE_renderer_free(struct RE_renderer *r)
 {
 	glDeleteProgram(r->shader.program);
 	glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, &r->depth_buffer);
+	ht_foreach_value(r->billboard_textures, free_billboard_texture);
+	ht_free_int(r->billboard_textures);
+	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &r->billboard_vao);
+	glDeleteBuffers(1, &r->billboard_attr_buffer);
 	free(r);
 }
 
@@ -129,6 +201,9 @@ static void animate(struct RE_instance *inst, struct RE_renderer *r, float delta
 	update_motion(inst->motion, delta_frame);
 	update_motion(inst->next_motion, delta_frame);
 
+	if (inst->type == RE_ITYPE_BILLBOARD)
+		return;
+
 	for (int i = 0; i < inst->model->nr_bones; i++) {
 		struct mot_frame mf;
 		calc_motion_frame(inst->motion, i, &mf);
@@ -151,30 +226,18 @@ static void animate(struct RE_instance *inst, struct RE_renderer *r, float delta
 	}
 }
 
-static void render_instance(struct RE_instance *inst, struct RE_renderer *r, mat4 view_transform, mat4 proj_transform, float delta_time)
+static void render_model(struct RE_instance *inst, struct RE_renderer *r)
 {
-	if (!inst->draw || !inst->model)
+	struct model *model = inst->model;
+	if (!inst->model)
 		return;
 
 	if (inst->local_transform_needs_update)
 		update_local_transform(inst);
 
-	animate(inst, r, delta_time);
-
-	glUseProgram(r->shader.program);
-	glUniformMatrix4fv(r->shader.view_transform, 1, GL_FALSE, view_transform[0]);
-	glUniformMatrix4fv(r->proj_transform, 1, GL_FALSE, proj_transform[0]);
 	glUniformMatrix4fv(r->local_transform, 1, GL_FALSE, inst->local_transform[0]);
 	glUniform1f(r->alpha_mod, inst->alpha);
 
-	if (inst->model->nr_bones > 0) {
-		glUniform1i(r->has_bones, GL_TRUE);
-		glUniformMatrix4fv(r->bone_matrices, inst->model->nr_bones, GL_FALSE, r->bone_transforms[0][0]);
-	} else {
-		glUniform1i(r->has_bones, GL_FALSE);
-	}
-
-	struct model *model = inst->model;
 	for (int i = 0; i < model->nr_meshes; i++) {
 		struct mesh *mesh = &model->meshes[i];
 		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
@@ -186,8 +249,59 @@ static void render_instance(struct RE_instance *inst, struct RE_renderer *r, mat
 		glBindVertexArray(0);
 		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
 	}
+}
 
-	glUseProgram(0);
+static void render_static_model(struct RE_instance *inst, struct RE_renderer *r)
+{
+	glUniform1i(r->has_bones, GL_FALSE);
+	render_model(inst, r);
+}
+
+static void render_skinned_model(struct RE_instance *inst, struct RE_renderer *r, float delta_time)
+{
+	struct model *model = inst->model;
+	if (!model)
+		return;
+
+	animate(inst, r, delta_time);
+
+	if (model->nr_bones > 0) {
+		glUniform1i(r->has_bones, GL_TRUE);
+		glUniformMatrix4fv(r->bone_matrices, model->nr_bones, GL_FALSE, r->bone_transforms[0][0]);
+	} else {
+		glUniform1i(r->has_bones, GL_FALSE);
+	}
+	render_model(inst, r);
+}
+
+static void render_billboard(struct RE_instance *inst, struct RE_renderer *r, mat4 view_mat, float delta_time)
+{
+	animate(inst, r, delta_time);
+	int cg_no = inst->motion->current_frame;
+	struct billboard_texture *bt = ht_get_int(r->billboard_textures, cg_no, NULL);
+	if (!bt)
+		return;
+
+	mat4 local_transform;
+	glm_translate_make(local_transform, inst->pos);
+	mat3 rot;
+	glm_mat4_pick3t(view_mat, rot);
+	glm_mat4_ins3(rot, local_transform);
+	glm_scale(local_transform, inst->scale);
+
+	glUniformMatrix4fv(r->local_transform, 1, GL_FALSE, local_transform[0]);
+	glUniform1i(r->has_bones, GL_FALSE);
+	glUniform1f(r->alpha_mod, inst->alpha);
+
+	glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, bt->texture);
+	glUniform1i(r->shader.texture, 0);
+	glBindVertexArray(r->billboard_vao);
+
+	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
+
+	glBindVertexArray(0);
+	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
 }
 
 static void render_back_cg(struct texture *dst, struct RE_back_cg *bcg, struct RE_renderer *r)
@@ -242,18 +356,37 @@ void RE_render(struct sact_sprite *sp)
 	plugin->proj_transform[1][1] *= -1;
 	glFrontFace(GL_CW);
 
+	glUseProgram(r->shader.program);
+	glUniformMatrix4fv(r->shader.view_transform, 1, GL_FALSE, view_transform[0]);
+	glUniformMatrix4fv(r->proj_transform, 1, GL_FALSE, plugin->proj_transform[0]);
+
 	glEnable(GL_BLEND);
 	glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < RE_MAX_INSTANCES; i++) {
-		if (plugin->instances[i])
-			render_instance(plugin->instances[i], r, view_transform, plugin->proj_transform, delta_time);
+		struct RE_instance *inst = plugin->instances[i];
+		if (!inst || !inst->draw)
+			continue;
+		switch (inst->type) {
+		case RE_ITYPE_STATIC:
+			render_static_model(inst, r);
+			break;
+		case RE_ITYPE_SKINNED:
+			render_skinned_model(inst, r, delta_time);
+			break;
+		case RE_ITYPE_BILLBOARD:
+			render_billboard(inst, r, view_transform, delta_time);
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+		}
 	}
 
 	plugin->proj_transform[1][1] *= -1;
 	glFrontFace(GL_CCW);
 	glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
 	glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
+	glUseProgram(0);
 	glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0);
 	gfx_reset_framebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo);
 
diff --git a/src/hll/ReignEngine.c b/src/hll/ReignEngine.c
index 5e9ab96..a73efaa 100644
--- a/src/hll/ReignEngine.c
+++ b/src/hll/ReignEngine.c
@@ -218,7 +218,12 @@ static bool ReignEngine_SetInstanceScaleZ(int plugin, int instance, float scale_
 
 //bool ReignEngine_SetInstanceZBias(int plugin, int instance, float fZBias);
 //float ReignEngine_GetInstanceZBias(int plugin, int instance);
-HLL_WARN_UNIMPLEMENTED(false, bool, ReignEngine, SetInstanceVertexPos, int plugin, int instance, int index, float x, float y, float z);
+
+bool ReignEngine_SetInstanceVertexPos(int plugin, int instance, int index, float x, float y, float z)
+{
+	return RE_instance_set_vertex_pos(get_instance(plugin, instance), index, x, y, z);
+}
+
 HLL_WARN_UNIMPLEMENTED(false, bool, ReignEngine, SetInstanceDiffuse, int plugin, int instance, float r, float g, float b);
 HLL_WARN_UNIMPLEMENTED(false, bool, ReignEngine, SetInstanceGlobeDiffuse, int plugin, int instance, float r, float g, float b);
 HLL_WARN_UNIMPLEMENTED(false, bool, ReignEngine, SetInstanceAmbient, int plugin, int instance, float r, float g, float b);