diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 8447a89..d977d64 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ target_sources(xsystem4 PRIVATE
   src/3d/particle.c
   src/3d/reign.c
   src/3d/renderer.c
+  src/3d/s3de.c
 
   src/dungeon/dgn.c
   src/dungeon/dtx.c
diff --git a/include/reign.h b/include/reign.h
index 6a101f7..6b2d7b0 100644
--- a/include/reign.h
+++ b/include/reign.h
@@ -84,6 +84,12 @@ struct RE_camera {
 	vec3 pos;
 	float pitch, roll, yaw;  // in degrees
 	float quake_pitch, quake_yaw;
+	// Per-frame full override from an 3de "camera" object. Cleared at the
+	// start of every RE_build_model tick and re-asserted by s3de_effect_update
+	// if any active camera object selects this frame.
+	bool override_active;
+	vec3 override_pos;
+	float override_pitch, override_yaw, override_roll;
 };
 
 struct RE_back_cg {
@@ -104,7 +110,7 @@ struct RE_plugin {
 	struct RE_instance **instances;
 	struct archive *aar;
 	struct hash_table *model_cache;
-	struct hash_table *pae_cache;
+	struct hash_table *effect_cache;
 	struct RE_renderer *renderer;
 	struct RE_camera camera;
 	mat4 proj_transform;
@@ -158,6 +164,7 @@ struct RE_instance {
 	struct RE_plugin *plugin;
 	struct model *model;
 	struct particle_effect *effect;
+	struct s3de_effect *s3de_effect;
 	struct motion *motion;
 	struct motion *next_motion;
 	struct height_detector *height_detector;
diff --git a/src/3d/3d_internal.h b/src/3d/3d_internal.h
index 798cdc7..dc2bc32 100644
--- a/src/3d/3d_internal.h
+++ b/src/3d/3d_internal.h
@@ -402,6 +402,178 @@ void particle_effect_free(struct particle_effect *effect);
 void particle_effect_update(struct RE_instance *inst);
 void particle_object_calc_local_transform(struct RE_instance *inst, struct particle_object *po, struct particle_instance *pi, float frame, mat4 dest);
 
+// s3de.c
+
+// .3de effect system. The 's' prefix is just to avoid an identifier starting
+// with a digit; it stands for SealEngine.
+
+enum s3de_object_type {
+	S3DE_OBJ_BILLBOARD,
+	S3DE_OBJ_POLYGON,
+	S3DE_OBJ_CAMERA,
+};
+
+enum s3de_move_type {
+	S3DE_MOVE_LINEAR,
+	S3DE_MOVE_BEZIER,
+};
+
+enum s3de_spawn_position_type {
+	S3DE_SPAWN_NORMAL,
+	S3DE_SPAWN_SPHERE,
+	S3DE_SPAWN_HORIZONTAL,
+};
+
+enum s3de_blend_type {
+	S3DE_BLEND_NORMAL,
+	S3DE_BLEND_ADDITIVE,
+};
+
+enum s3de_emitter_link_type {
+	S3DE_LINK_NONE              = 0,  // frozen at spawn-time world pos
+	S3DE_LINK_FOLLOW            = 1,  // particle follows current emitter pos
+	S3DE_LINK_ROTATE_AT_SPAWN   = 2,  // emitter rotation around spawn pos
+	S3DE_LINK_ROTATE_AT_CURRENT = 3,  // emitter rotation around current pos
+	S3DE_LINK_MAX = S3DE_LINK_ROTATE_AT_CURRENT
+};
+
+enum s3de_direction_type {
+	S3DE_DIR_RANDOM,
+	S3DE_DIR_SPECIFIED,
+	S3DE_DIR_EMITTER,
+	S3DE_DIR_EMITTER_REVERSE,
+	S3DE_DIR_EMITTER_COORD,
+	S3DE_DIR_ARBITRARY_PLANE,
+	S3DE_DIR_SPAWN,
+};
+
+enum s3de_posture_type {
+	S3DE_POSE_NONE,
+	S3DE_POSE_CAMERA,
+	S3DE_POSE_MOVE_DIR,
+	S3DE_POSE_MOVE_AND_FLY,
+	S3DE_POSE_FLY_AND_EMITTER_MOVE,
+};
+
+enum s3de_interp_type {
+	S3DE_INTERP_NONE,
+	S3DE_INTERP_LINEAR,
+	S3DE_INTERP_SLERP,
+};
+
+struct s3de_range {
+	float base;
+	float random;
+};
+
+struct s3de_scalar_entry {
+	int frame;
+	float value;
+	enum s3de_interp_type interp;
+};
+
+struct s3de_vec3_entry {
+	int frame;
+	vec3 v;
+	enum s3de_interp_type interp;
+};
+
+struct s3de_position_entry {
+	int frame;
+	vec3 pos;
+	enum s3de_interp_type interp;
+	float spawn_radius;
+	float spawn_angle_deg;
+};
+
+struct s3de_object {
+	char *name;
+	enum s3de_object_type type;
+	enum s3de_move_type movement_type;
+	enum s3de_spawn_position_type spawn_position_type;
+	float spawn_distance;
+	int particle_count;
+
+	char *texture;
+
+	enum s3de_blend_type blend_type;
+	char *polygon_name;
+	enum s3de_emitter_link_type emitter_link_type;
+	bool soft_fog_edge;
+
+	enum s3de_posture_type posture_type;
+	enum s3de_direction_type direction_type;
+	vec3 direction;
+	float direction_angle;
+
+	struct s3de_range start_size, end_size;
+	struct s3de_range start_x_size, end_x_size;
+	struct s3de_range start_y_size, end_y_size;
+	struct s3de_range offset_x, offset_y, offset_z;
+	struct s3de_range speed, acceleration;
+	struct s3de_range movement_distance, movement_curve;
+
+	bool free_fall;
+	float mass, air_resistance;
+
+	struct s3de_range start_x_rotation, end_x_rotation;
+	struct s3de_range start_y_rotation, end_y_rotation;
+	struct s3de_range start_z_rotation, end_z_rotation;
+
+	float x_revolution_angle[2], y_revolution_angle[2], z_revolution_angle[2];
+	float x_revolution_distance[2], y_revolution_distance[2], z_revolution_distance[2];
+
+	int child_frame;
+	float texture_anime_frame;
+
+	struct s3de_range alpha_fade_in_frame, alpha_fade_out_frame;
+
+	int *damages;
+	int nr_damages;
+
+	struct s3de_position_entry *position_list;
+	int nr_position_entries;
+	struct s3de_scalar_entry *size_list;
+	int nr_size_entries;
+	struct s3de_scalar_entry *x_size_list;
+	int nr_x_size_entries;
+	struct s3de_scalar_entry *y_size_list;
+	int nr_y_size_entries;
+	struct s3de_scalar_entry *alpha_list;
+	int nr_alpha_entries;
+	struct s3de_vec3_entry *rotation_list;
+	int nr_rotation_entries;
+	struct s3de_vec3_entry *multiply_color_list;
+	int nr_multiply_color_entries;
+	struct s3de_vec3_entry *additive_color_list;
+	int nr_additive_color_entries;
+
+	struct model *model;
+};
+
+struct s3de {
+	char *path;
+	int loop_start_frame;
+	int loop_end_frame;
+	struct s3de_object *objects;
+	int nr_objects;
+};
+
+struct s3de *s3de_load(struct archive *aar, const char *path);
+void s3de_free(struct s3de *s);
+
+struct s3de_effect {
+	struct s3de *s3de;
+	int wav_channel;       // -1 if no sound
+	bool sound_started;
+	float last_frame;
+};
+
+struct s3de_effect *s3de_effect_create(struct s3de *s, struct archive *aar);
+void s3de_effect_free(struct s3de_effect *eff);
+void s3de_effect_update(struct RE_instance *inst);
+void s3de_calc_frame_range(struct s3de *s, struct motion *motion);
+
 // parser.c
 
 struct pol {
diff --git a/src/3d/reign.c b/src/3d/reign.c
index 4279574..1883bd5 100644
--- a/src/3d/reign.c
+++ b/src/3d/reign.c
@@ -77,6 +77,10 @@ static void unload_instance(struct RE_instance *instance)
 		particle_effect_free(instance->effect);
 		instance->effect = NULL;
 	}
+	if (instance->s3de_effect) {
+		s3de_effect_free(instance->s3de_effect);
+		instance->s3de_effect = NULL;
+	}
 	if (instance->bone_transforms) {
 		glDeleteBuffers(1, &instance->bone_transforms_ubo);
 		free(instance->bone_transforms);
@@ -238,7 +242,7 @@ struct RE_plugin *RE_plugin_new(enum RE_plugin_version version)
 	plugin->instances = xcalloc(plugin->nr_instances, sizeof(struct RE_instance *));
 	plugin->aar = aar;
 	plugin->model_cache = ht_create(32);
-	plugin->pae_cache = ht_create(32);
+	plugin->effect_cache = ht_create(32);
 	for (int i = 0; i < RE_NR_BACK_CGS; i++)
 		RE_back_cg_init(&plugin->back_cg[i]);
 	plugin->mag_speed = 1;
@@ -260,8 +264,9 @@ void RE_plugin_free(struct RE_plugin *plugin)
 	archive_free(plugin->aar);
 	ht_foreach_value(plugin->model_cache, (void(*)(void*))model_free);
 	ht_free(plugin->model_cache);
-	ht_foreach_value(plugin->pae_cache, (void(*)(void*))pae_free);
-	ht_free(plugin->pae_cache);
+	ht_foreach_value(plugin->effect_cache, re_plugin_version < RE_SEAL_PLUGIN ?
+		(void(*)(void*))pae_free : (void(*)(void*))s3de_free);
+	ht_free(plugin->effect_cache);
 	for (int i = 0; i < RE_NR_BACK_CGS; i++)
 		RE_back_cg_destroy(&plugin->back_cg[i]);
 	xfree_aligned(plugin);
@@ -321,6 +326,7 @@ bool RE_build_model(struct RE_plugin *plugin, int elapsed_ms)
 		return false;
 
 	plugin->camera.quake_pitch = plugin->camera.quake_yaw = 0.0;
+	plugin->camera.override_active = false;
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < plugin->nr_instances; i++) {
 		struct RE_instance *inst = plugin->instances[i];
@@ -342,7 +348,11 @@ bool RE_build_model(struct RE_plugin *plugin, int elapsed_ms)
 	// update_bones().
 	for (int i = 0; i < plugin->nr_instances; i++) {
 		struct RE_instance *inst = plugin->instances[i];
-		if (inst && inst->type == RE_ITYPE_PARTICLE_EFFECT)
+		if (!inst || inst->type != RE_ITYPE_PARTICLE_EFFECT)
+			continue;
+		if (inst->s3de_effect)
+			s3de_effect_update(inst);
+		else
 			particle_effect_update(inst);
 	}
 	return true;
@@ -469,7 +479,6 @@ bool RE_instance_load(struct RE_instance *instance, const char *name)
 	if (name[0] == '\0')
 		return true;  // empty name just unloads the instance
 
-	struct pae *pae;
 	switch (instance->type) {
 	case RE_ITYPE_STATIC:
 	case RE_ITYPE_SKINNED:
@@ -488,18 +497,34 @@ bool RE_instance_load(struct RE_instance *instance, const char *name)
 		}
 		return !!instance->model;
 	case RE_ITYPE_PARTICLE_EFFECT:
-		pae = ht_get(instance->plugin->pae_cache, name, NULL);
-		if (!pae) {
-			pae = pae_load(instance->plugin->aar, name);
-			if (!pae)
-				return false;
-			ht_put(instance->plugin->pae_cache, name, pae);
-		}
-		instance->effect = particle_effect_create(pae);
-		if (!instance->motion) {
-			instance->motion = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct motion));
-			instance->motion->instance = instance;
-			pae_calc_frame_range(instance->effect->pae, instance->motion);
+		if (re_plugin_version >= RE_SEAL_PLUGIN) {
+			struct s3de *s3de = ht_get(instance->plugin->effect_cache, name, NULL);
+			if (!s3de) {
+				s3de = s3de_load(instance->plugin->aar, name);
+				if (!s3de)
+					return false;
+				ht_put(instance->plugin->effect_cache, name, s3de);
+			}
+			instance->s3de_effect = s3de_effect_create(s3de, instance->plugin->aar);
+			if (!instance->motion) {
+				instance->motion = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct motion));
+				instance->motion->instance = instance;
+				s3de_calc_frame_range(instance->s3de_effect->s3de, instance->motion);
+			}
+		} else {
+			struct pae *pae = ht_get(instance->plugin->effect_cache, name, NULL);
+			if (!pae) {
+				pae = pae_load(instance->plugin->aar, name);
+				if (!pae)
+					return false;
+				ht_put(instance->plugin->effect_cache, name, pae);
+			}
+			instance->effect = particle_effect_create(pae);
+			if (!instance->motion) {
+				instance->motion = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct motion));
+				instance->motion->instance = instance;
+				pae_calc_frame_range(instance->effect->pae, instance->motion);
+			}
 		}
 		return true;
 	default:
@@ -670,7 +695,7 @@ bool RE_instance_find_path(struct RE_instance *inst, vec3 start, vec3 goal)
 	if (!inst || !inst->model->collider)
 		return false;
 	mat4 vp_transform;
-	RE_calc_view_matrix(&inst->plugin->camera, GLM_YUP, vp_transform);
+	RE_calc_view_matrix(&inst->plugin->camera, NULL, vp_transform);
 	glm_mat4_mul(inst->plugin->proj_transform, vp_transform, vp_transform);
 	return collider_find_path(inst->model->collider, start, goal, vp_transform);
 }
@@ -701,7 +726,7 @@ bool RE_instance_calc_path_finder_intersect_eye_vec(struct RE_instance *inst, in
 	vec4 far  = { ndc_x, ndc_y,  1.f, 1.f };
 
 	mat4 inv_vp;
-	RE_calc_view_matrix(&inst->plugin->camera, GLM_YUP, inv_vp);
+	RE_calc_view_matrix(&inst->plugin->camera, NULL, inv_vp);
 	glm_mat4_mul(inst->plugin->proj_transform, inv_vp, inv_vp);
 	glm_mat4_inv(inv_vp, inv_vp);
 
@@ -724,7 +749,7 @@ bool RE_plugin_transform_pos_to_view_pos(struct RE_plugin *plugin, float x, floa
 		return false;
 
 	mat4 vp;
-	RE_calc_view_matrix(&plugin->camera, GLM_YUP, vp);
+	RE_calc_view_matrix(&plugin->camera, NULL, vp);
 	glm_mat4_mul(plugin->proj_transform, vp, vp);
 
 	vec4 pos = { x, y, z, 1.f };
@@ -746,11 +771,16 @@ bool RE_plugin_get_camera_z_vector(struct RE_plugin *plugin, vec3 out)
 	if (!plugin)
 		return false;
 
-	vec3 euler = {
-		glm_rad(plugin->camera.pitch + plugin->camera.quake_pitch),
-		glm_rad(plugin->camera.yaw + plugin->camera.quake_yaw),
-		glm_rad(plugin->camera.roll)
-	};
+	vec3 euler;
+	if (plugin->camera.override_active) {
+		euler[0] = glm_rad(plugin->camera.override_pitch);
+		euler[1] = glm_rad(plugin->camera.override_yaw);
+		euler[2] = glm_rad(plugin->camera.override_roll);
+	} else {
+		euler[0] = glm_rad(plugin->camera.pitch + plugin->camera.quake_pitch);
+		euler[1] = glm_rad(plugin->camera.yaw + plugin->camera.quake_yaw);
+		euler[2] = glm_rad(plugin->camera.roll);
+	}
 	mat4 rot;
 	glm_euler_yxz(euler, rot);
 	glm_mat4_mulv3(rot, GLM_FORWARD, 0.f, out);
diff --git a/src/3d/renderer.c b/src/3d/renderer.c
index 6500d6e..2d3501e 100644
--- a/src/3d/renderer.c
+++ b/src/3d/renderer.c
@@ -332,15 +332,30 @@ void RE_renderer_free(struct RE_renderer *r)
 void RE_calc_view_matrix(struct RE_camera *camera, vec3 up, mat4 out)
 {
 	vec3 front = { 0.0, 0.0, -1.0 };
-	vec3 euler = {
-		glm_rad(camera->pitch + camera->quake_pitch),
-		glm_rad(camera->yaw + camera->quake_yaw),
-		glm_rad(camera->roll)
-	};
+	vec3 euler;
+	float *pos;
+	if (camera->override_active) {
+		euler[0] = glm_rad(camera->override_pitch);
+		euler[1] = glm_rad(camera->override_yaw);
+		euler[2] = glm_rad(camera->override_roll);
+		pos = camera->override_pos;
+	} else {
+		euler[0] = glm_rad(camera->pitch + camera->quake_pitch);
+		euler[1] = glm_rad(camera->yaw + camera->quake_yaw);
+		euler[2] = glm_rad(camera->roll);
+		pos = camera->pos;
+	}
 	mat4 rot;
 	glm_euler_yxz(euler, rot);
 	glm_mat4_mulv3(rot, front, 0.0, front);
-	glm_look(camera->pos, front, up, out);
+	vec3 up_v;
+	if (up) {
+		glm_vec3_copy(up, up_v);  // Use the provided up vector.
+	} else {
+		// Derive the camera's up by rotating world-Y with the same orientation.
+		glm_mat4_mulv3(rot, GLM_YUP, 0.0, up_v);
+	}
+	glm_look(pos, front, up_v, out);
 }
 
 static bool should_draw_shadow(struct mesh *mesh, struct material *material)
@@ -892,7 +907,8 @@ static void render_back_cg(struct texture *dst, struct RE_back_cg *bcg, struct R
 static void setup_lights(struct RE_plugin *plugin)
 {
 	struct RE_renderer *r = plugin->renderer;
-	glUniform3fv(r->camera_pos, 1, plugin->camera.pos);
+	glUniform3fv(r->camera_pos, 1, plugin->camera.override_active
+			? plugin->camera.override_pos : plugin->camera.pos);
 	glUniform3fv(r->global_ambient, 1, plugin->global_ambient);
 	int light_index = 0;
 	for (int i = 0; i < plugin->nr_instances; i++) {
@@ -1000,7 +1016,7 @@ void RE_render(struct sact_sprite *sp)
 	glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
 
 	mat4 view_transform;
-	RE_calc_view_matrix(&plugin->camera, GLM_YUP, view_transform);
+	RE_calc_view_matrix(&plugin->camera, NULL, view_transform);
 
 	// Tweak the projection transform so that the rendering result is vertically
 	// flipped. If we render the scene normally, the resulting image will be
diff --git a/src/3d/s3de.c b/src/3d/s3de.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62a0d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/3d/s3de.c
@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2026 kichikuou <KichikuouChrome@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, see <http://gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include <cglm/cglm.h>
+
+#include "system4.h"
+#include "system4/aar.h"
+#include "system4/utfsjis.h"
+
+#include "3d_internal.h"
+#include "audio.h"
+
+static void parse_error(const char *msg, char *input)
+{
+	char *eol = strchr(input, '\n');
+	if (eol) *eol = '\0';
+	WARNING("Parse error: %s Near: \"%s\"", msg, input);
+}
+
+static enum s3de_object_type parse_object_type(const char *s)
+{
+	if (!strcmp(s, "ビルボード"))
+		return S3DE_OBJ_BILLBOARD;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "ポリゴンオブジェクト"))
+		return S3DE_OBJ_POLYGON;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "カメラ"))
+		return S3DE_OBJ_CAMERA;
+	WARNING("unknown object type \"%s\"", s);
+	return (enum s3de_object_type)-1;
+}
+
+static enum s3de_move_type parse_move_type(const char *s)
+{
+	if (!strcmp(s, "直線"))
+		return S3DE_MOVE_LINEAR;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "ベジェ"))
+		return S3DE_MOVE_BEZIER;
+	WARNING("unknown move type \"%s\"", s);
+	return (enum s3de_move_type)-1;
+}
+
+static enum s3de_spawn_position_type parse_spawn_position_type(const char *s)
+{
+	if (!strcmp(s, "標準"))
+		return S3DE_SPAWN_NORMAL;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "球"))
+		return S3DE_SPAWN_SPHERE;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "水平面"))
+		return S3DE_SPAWN_HORIZONTAL;
+	WARNING("unknown spawn position type \"%s\"", s);
+	return (enum s3de_spawn_position_type)-1;
+}
+
+static enum s3de_blend_type parse_blend_type(const char *s)
+{
+	if (!strcmp(s, "標準"))
+		return S3DE_BLEND_NORMAL;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "加算"))
+		return S3DE_BLEND_ADDITIVE;
+	WARNING("unknown blend type \"%s\"", s);
+	return (enum s3de_blend_type)-1;
+}
+
+static enum s3de_direction_type parse_direction_type(const char *s)
+{
+	if (!strcmp(s, "ランダム"))
+		return S3DE_DIR_RANDOM;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "指定方向"))
+		return S3DE_DIR_SPECIFIED;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "エミッタ方向"))
+		return S3DE_DIR_EMITTER;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "エミッタ逆方向"))
+		return S3DE_DIR_EMITTER_REVERSE;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "エミッタ座標系"))
+		return S3DE_DIR_EMITTER_COORD;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "任意平面"))
+		return S3DE_DIR_ARBITRARY_PLANE;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "生成方向"))
+		return S3DE_DIR_SPAWN;
+	WARNING("unknown direction type \"%s\"", s);
+	return (enum s3de_direction_type)-1;
+}
+
+static enum s3de_posture_type parse_posture_type(const char *s)
+{
+	if (!strcmp(s, "なし"))
+		return S3DE_POSE_NONE;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "カメラ"))
+		return S3DE_POSE_CAMERA;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "移動方向"))
+		return S3DE_POSE_MOVE_DIR;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "移動＆飛行方向"))
+		return S3DE_POSE_MOVE_AND_FLY;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "飛行＆エミッタ移動方向"))
+		return S3DE_POSE_FLY_AND_EMITTER_MOVE;
+	WARNING("unknown posture type \"%s\"", s);
+	return (enum s3de_posture_type)-1;
+}
+
+static enum s3de_interp_type parse_interp_type(const char *s)
+{
+	if (!strcmp(s, "なし"))
+		return S3DE_INTERP_NONE;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "線形"))
+		return S3DE_INTERP_LINEAR;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "球面線形"))
+		return S3DE_INTERP_SLERP;
+	WARNING("unknown interp type \"%s\"", s);
+	return (enum s3de_interp_type)-1;
+}
+
+#define MATCH(fmt, ...) (len = 0, sscanf(text, fmt " %n", ##__VA_ARGS__, &len), text += len, len)
+#define STRING_BUF_SIZE 256
+#define KEYWORD " %255[^, \t\r\n}]"
+#define QUOTED_STRING "\"%255[^\"]\""
+
+static char *parse_quoted_string(char **ptext)
+{
+	char *text = *ptext;
+
+	while (isspace((unsigned char)*text)) text++;
+	if (*text++ != '"') {
+		parse_error("quoted string expected.", text);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	char *p = strchr(text, '"');
+	if (!p) {
+		parse_error("unfinished string.", text);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	*p = '\0';
+	*ptext = p + 1;
+	return utf2sjis(text, 0);
+}
+
+// range := float [',' float]
+static bool parse_range(char **ptext, struct s3de_range *r)
+{
+	char *text = *ptext;
+	int len;
+	float a, b;
+	if (!MATCH("%f", &a)) {
+		parse_error("float expected.", text);
+		return false;
+	}
+	r->base = a;
+	r->random = 0.0f;
+	if (MATCH(", %f", &b))
+		r->random = b;
+	*ptext = text;
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool parse_two_floats(char **ptext, float out[2])
+{
+	char *text = *ptext;
+	int len;
+	if (!MATCH("%f , %f", &out[0], &out[1])) {
+		parse_error("two floats expected.", text);
+		return false;
+	}
+	*ptext = text;
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool parse_spin_angle(char **ptext, struct s3de_range *start, struct s3de_range *end)
+{
+	float v[2];
+	if (!parse_two_floats(ptext, v))
+		return false;
+	start->base = v[0];
+	start->random = 0.0f;
+	end->base = v[1];
+	end->random = 0.0f;
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool parse_vec3(char **ptext, vec3 out)
+{
+	char *text = *ptext;
+	int len;
+	if (!MATCH("%f , %f , %f", &out[0], &out[1], &out[2])) {
+		parse_error("three floats expected.", text);
+		return false;
+	}
+	*ptext = text;
+	return true;
+}
+
+static int *parse_int_list(char **ptext, int *nr)
+{
+	char *text = *ptext;
+	int len, n;
+	if (!MATCH("%d", &n)) {
+		parse_error("int expected.", text);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	int cap = 16;
+	int *v = xmalloc(cap * sizeof(int));
+	v[0] = n;
+	*nr = 1;
+	while (MATCH(", %d", &n)) {
+		if (*nr == cap) {
+			cap *= 2;
+			v = xrealloc(v, cap * sizeof(int));
+		}
+		v[(*nr)++] = n;
+	}
+	*ptext = text;
+	return v;
+}
+
+// Parses a comma-separated list of quoted strings, storing the first non-empty
+// one in *out and skipping the rest. Rance 9 only uses the first name.
+static bool parse_texture_name(char **ptext, char **out)
+{
+	char *text = *ptext;
+	int len;
+	char *result = NULL;
+	do {
+		char *s = parse_quoted_string(&text);
+		if (!s) {
+			free(result);
+			return false;
+		}
+		if (result || s[0] == '\0')
+			free(s);
+		else
+			result = s;
+	} while (MATCH(", "));
+	*ptext = text;
+	*out = result;
+	return true;
+}
+
+// Parses a list of scalar entries of the form "{ frame, value, interp }, ...".
+static bool parse_scalar_entries(char **ptext, struct s3de_scalar_entry **out, int *nr_out)
+{
+	char *text = *ptext;
+	int len;
+	int cap = 8, nr = 0;
+	char buf[STRING_BUF_SIZE];
+	struct s3de_scalar_entry *v = xmalloc(cap * sizeof(*v));
+	for (;;) {
+		if (!MATCH("{ %d , %f , " KEYWORD, &v[nr].frame, &v[nr].value, buf)) {
+			parse_error("scalar list entry expected.", text);
+			goto err;
+		}
+		int interp = parse_interp_type(buf);
+		if (interp < 0) goto err;
+		v[nr].interp = interp;
+		if (!MATCH("}")) { parse_error("'}' expected.", text); goto err; }
+		nr++;
+		if (nr == cap) {
+			cap *= 2;
+			v = xrealloc(v, cap * sizeof(*v));
+		}
+		if (!MATCH(",")) break;
+	}
+	*out = v;
+	*nr_out = nr;
+	*ptext = text;
+	return true;
+err:
+	free(v);
+	return false;
+}
+
+// Parses a list of vec3 entries of the form "{ frame, x, y, z, interp }, ...".
+static bool parse_vec3_entries(char **ptext, struct s3de_vec3_entry **out, int *nr_out)
+{
+	char *text = *ptext;
+	int len;
+	int cap = 8, nr = 0;
+	char buf[STRING_BUF_SIZE];
+	struct s3de_vec3_entry *v = xmalloc(cap * sizeof(*v));
+	for (;;) {
+		if (!MATCH("{ %d , %f , %f , %f , " KEYWORD,
+				   &v[nr].frame, &v[nr].v[0], &v[nr].v[1], &v[nr].v[2], buf)) {
+			parse_error("vec3 list entry expected.", text);
+			goto err;
+		}
+		int interp = parse_interp_type(buf);
+		if (interp < 0) goto err;
+		v[nr].interp = interp;
+		if (!MATCH("}")) { parse_error("'}' expected.", text); goto err; }
+		nr++;
+		if (nr == cap) {
+			cap *= 2;
+			v = xrealloc(v, cap * sizeof(*v));
+		}
+		if (!MATCH(",")) break;
+	}
+	*out = v;
+	*nr_out = nr;
+	*ptext = text;
+	return true;
+err:
+	free(v);
+	return false;
+}
+
+// Parses a list of position entries of the form
+// "{ frame, x, y, z, interp, [spawn_radius, spawn_angle_deg] }, ...".
+static bool parse_position_entries(char **ptext, struct s3de_position_entry **out, int *nr_out)
+{
+	char *text = *ptext;
+	int len;
+	int cap = 8, nr = 0;
+	char buf[STRING_BUF_SIZE];
+	struct s3de_position_entry *v = xmalloc(cap * sizeof(*v));
+	for (;;) {
+		memset(&v[nr], 0, sizeof(v[nr]));
+		if (!MATCH("{ %d , %f , %f , %f , " KEYWORD,
+				   &v[nr].frame, &v[nr].pos[0], &v[nr].pos[1], &v[nr].pos[2], buf)) {
+			parse_error("position list entry expected.", text);
+			goto err;
+		}
+		// Convert from left-handed coords to right-handed coords.
+		v[nr].pos[2] = -v[nr].pos[2];
+		int interp = parse_interp_type(buf);
+		if (interp < 0) goto err;
+		v[nr].interp = interp;
+		(void)MATCH(", %f , %f", &v[nr].spawn_radius, &v[nr].spawn_angle_deg);
+		if (!MATCH("}")) { parse_error("'}' expected.", text); goto err; }
+		nr++;
+		if (nr == cap) {
+			cap *= 2;
+			v = xrealloc(v, cap * sizeof(*v));
+		}
+		if (!MATCH(",")) break;
+	}
+	*out = v;
+	*nr_out = nr;
+	*ptext = text;
+	return true;
+err:
+	free(v);
+	return false;
+}
+
+static struct s3de *parse_3de(char *text)
+{
+	struct s3de *s = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct s3de));
+	s->loop_start_frame = -1;
+	s->loop_end_frame = -1;
+
+	struct s3de_object *current = NULL;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		// Skip whitespace and // comments.
+		for (;;) {
+			while (isspace((unsigned char)*text)) text++;
+			if (text[0] == '/' && text[1] == '/') {
+				char *nl = strchr(text, '\n');
+				text = nl ? nl + 1 : text + strlen(text);
+			} else {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		int len;
+		int n;
+		float f;
+		char buf[STRING_BUF_SIZE];
+
+		if (!current) {
+			if (!*text) return s;
+
+			if (MATCH("ループ開始フレーム = %d", &n)) {
+				s->loop_start_frame = n;
+			} else if (MATCH("ループ終了フレーム = %d", &n)) {
+				s->loop_end_frame = n;
+			} else if (MATCH("オブジェクト " QUOTED_STRING " = {", buf)) {
+				s->objects = xrealloc_array(s->objects, s->nr_objects,
+					s->nr_objects + 1, sizeof(struct s3de_object));
+				current = &s->objects[s->nr_objects++];
+				current->name = utf2sjis(buf, 0);
+				current->texture_anime_frame = 1.0f;
+			} else {
+				parse_error("unknown toplevel token.", text);
+				goto err;
+			}
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (!*text) {
+			WARNING("unexpected EOF inside object");
+			goto err;
+		}
+
+		if (MATCH("}")) {
+			current = NULL;
+		} else if (MATCH("種類 = " KEYWORD, buf)) {
+			int v = parse_object_type(buf);
+			if (v < 0) goto err;
+			current->type = v;
+		} else if (MATCH("移動タイプ = " KEYWORD, buf)) {
+			int v = parse_move_type(buf);
+			if (v < 0) goto err;
+			current->movement_type = v;
+		} else if (MATCH("生成位置タイプ = " KEYWORD, buf)) {
+			int v = parse_spawn_position_type(buf);
+			if (v < 0) goto err;
+			current->spawn_position_type = v;
+		} else if (MATCH("生成距離 = %f", &f)) {
+			current->spawn_distance = f;
+		} else if (MATCH("個数 = %d", &n)) {
+			current->particle_count = n;
+		} else if (MATCH("テクスチャ = ")) {
+			if (!parse_texture_name(&text, &current->texture)) goto err;
+		} else if (MATCH("ブレンドタイプ = " KEYWORD, buf)) {
+			int v = parse_blend_type(buf);
+			if (v < 0) goto err;
+			current->blend_type = v;
+		} else if (MATCH("テクスチャアニメフレーム = %f", &f)) {
+			current->texture_anime_frame = f;
+		} else if (MATCH("ポリゴン = ")) {
+			current->polygon_name = parse_quoted_string(&text);
+			if (!current->polygon_name) goto err;
+		} else if (MATCH("フレーム参照 = " KEYWORD, buf)) {
+			// Every emitter in Rance 9 uses "エフェクト".
+			if (strcmp(buf, "エフェクト") != 0)
+				WARNING("unhandled frame_reference \"%s\"", buf);
+		} else if (MATCH("エミッタ連動タイプ = %d", &n)) {
+			if (n < 0 || n > S3DE_LINK_MAX) {
+				WARNING("unknown emitter_link_type %d", n);
+				n = S3DE_LINK_NONE;
+			}
+			current->emitter_link_type = n;
+		} else if (MATCH("ソフトフォグエッジ = %d", &n)) {
+			current->soft_fog_edge = (n != 0);
+		} else if (MATCH("姿勢タイプ = " KEYWORD, buf)) {
+			int v = parse_posture_type(buf);
+			if (v < 0) goto err;
+			current->posture_type = v;
+		} else if (MATCH("ターゲット名 = ")) {
+			// Unused.
+			char *s = parse_quoted_string(&text);
+			if (!s) goto err;
+			free(s);
+		} else if (MATCH("方向タイプ = " KEYWORD, buf)) {
+			int v = parse_direction_type(buf);
+			if (v < 0) goto err;
+			current->direction_type = v;
+		} else if (MATCH("方向 = ")) {
+			if (!parse_vec3(&text, current->direction))
+				goto err;
+			current->direction[2] = -current->direction[2];
+		} else if (MATCH("方向角度 = %f", &f)) {
+			current->direction_angle = f;
+		}
+		else if (MATCH("開始サイズ = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->start_size)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("終了サイズ = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->end_size)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("開始Ｘサイズ = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->start_x_size)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("終了Ｘサイズ = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->end_x_size)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("開始Ｙサイズ = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->start_y_size)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("終了Ｙサイズ = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->end_y_size)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("オフセットＸ = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->offset_x)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("オフセットＹ = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->offset_y)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("オフセットＺ = ")) {
+			if (!parse_range(&text, &current->offset_z))
+				goto err;
+			current->offset_z.base = -current->offset_z.base;
+		}
+		else if (MATCH("速度 = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->speed)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("加速度 = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->acceleration)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("移動距離 = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->movement_distance)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("移動カーブ = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->movement_curve)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("自由落下 = %d", &n)) { current->free_fall = (n != 0); }
+		else if (MATCH("質量 = %f", &f)) { current->mass = f; }
+		else if (MATCH("空気抵抗係数 = %f", &f)) { current->air_resistance = f; }
+		else if (MATCH("開始Ｘ回転角度 = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->start_x_rotation)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("終了Ｘ回転角度 = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->end_x_rotation)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("開始Ｙ回転角度 = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->start_y_rotation)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("終了Ｙ回転角度 = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->end_y_rotation)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("開始Ｚ回転角度 = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->start_z_rotation)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("終了Ｚ回転角度 = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->end_z_rotation)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("Ｘ軸自転角度 = ")) { if (!parse_spin_angle(&text, &current->start_x_rotation, &current->end_x_rotation)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("Ｙ軸自転角度 = ")) { if (!parse_spin_angle(&text, &current->start_y_rotation, &current->end_y_rotation)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("Ｚ軸自転角度 = ")) { if (!parse_spin_angle(&text, &current->start_z_rotation, &current->end_z_rotation)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("Ｘ軸公転角度 = ")) { if (!parse_two_floats(&text, current->x_revolution_angle)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("Ｙ軸公転角度 = ")) { if (!parse_two_floats(&text, current->y_revolution_angle)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("Ｚ軸公転角度 = ")) { if (!parse_two_floats(&text, current->z_revolution_angle)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("Ｘ軸公転距離 = ")) { if (!parse_two_floats(&text, current->x_revolution_distance)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("Ｙ軸公転距離 = ")) { if (!parse_two_floats(&text, current->y_revolution_distance)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("Ｚ軸公転距離 = ")) { if (!parse_two_floats(&text, current->z_revolution_distance)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("カーブＸ距離 = %f", &f)) { /* unused */ }
+		else if (MATCH("カーブＹ距離 = %f", &f)) { /* unused */ }
+		else if (MATCH("カーブＺ距離 = %f", &f)) { /* unused */ }
+		else if (MATCH("子フレーム = %d", &n)) { current->child_frame = n; }
+		else if (MATCH("子傾き = %f", &f)) { /* unused */ }
+		else if (MATCH("子傾き２ = %f", &f)) { /* unused */ }
+		else if (MATCH("子移動方向タイプ = %d", &n)) { /* unused */ }
+		else if (MATCH("アップベクトルタイプ = %d", &n)) { /* unused */ }
+		else if (MATCH("停止フレーム = %d", &n)) { /* unused */ }
+		else if (MATCH("アルファフェードインフレーム = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->alpha_fade_in_frame)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("アルファフェードアウトフレーム = ")) { if (!parse_range(&text, &current->alpha_fade_out_frame)) goto err; }
+		else if (MATCH("ダメージ = ")) {
+			current->damages = parse_int_list(&text, &current->nr_damages);
+			if (!current->damages)
+				goto err;
+		}
+		else if (MATCH("位置リスト = ")) {
+			if (!parse_position_entries(&text, &current->position_list, &current->nr_position_entries))
+				goto err;
+		}
+		else if (MATCH("サイズリスト = ")) {
+			if (!parse_scalar_entries(&text, &current->size_list, &current->nr_size_entries))
+				goto err;
+		}
+		else if (MATCH("Ｘサイズリスト = ")) {
+			if (!parse_scalar_entries(&text, &current->x_size_list, &current->nr_x_size_entries))
+				goto err;
+		}
+		else if (MATCH("Ｙサイズリスト = ")) {
+			if (!parse_scalar_entries(&text, &current->y_size_list, &current->nr_y_size_entries))
+				goto err;
+		}
+		else if (MATCH("アルファリスト = ")) {
+			if (!parse_scalar_entries(&text, &current->alpha_list, &current->nr_alpha_entries))
+				goto err;
+		}
+		else if (MATCH("回転リスト = ")) {
+			if (!parse_vec3_entries(&text, &current->rotation_list, &current->nr_rotation_entries))
+				goto err;
+		}
+		else if (MATCH("乗算カラーリスト = ")) {
+			if (!parse_vec3_entries(&text, &current->multiply_color_list, &current->nr_multiply_color_entries))
+				goto err;
+		}
+		else if (MATCH("加算カラーリスト = ")) {
+			if (!parse_vec3_entries(&text, &current->additive_color_list, &current->nr_additive_color_entries))
+				goto err;
+		}
+		else {
+			parse_error("unknown object field.", text);
+			goto err;
+		}
+	}
+err:
+	s3de_free(s);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct s3de *s3de_load(struct archive *aar, const char *path)
+{
+	const char *basename = strrchr(path, '\\');
+	basename = basename ? basename + 1 : path;
+
+	struct archive_data *dfile = RE_get_aar_entry(aar, path, basename, ".3de");
+	if (!dfile) {
+		WARNING("%s\\%s.3de: not found", path, basename);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	char *sjis_text = xmalloc(dfile->size + 1);
+	memcpy(sjis_text, dfile->data, dfile->size);
+	sjis_text[dfile->size] = '\0';
+
+	char *text = sjis2utf(sjis_text, dfile->size);
+	free(sjis_text);
+	struct s3de *s = parse_3de(text);
+	free(text);
+	if (!s) {
+		WARNING("could not parse %s", dfile->name);
+		archive_free_data(dfile);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	archive_free_data(dfile);
+
+	s->path = strdup(path);
+
+	return s;
+}
+
+void s3de_free(struct s3de *s)
+{
+	if (!s) return;
+	for (int i = 0; i < s->nr_objects; i++) {
+		struct s3de_object *o = &s->objects[i];
+		free(o->name);
+		free(o->texture);
+		free(o->polygon_name);
+		free(o->damages);
+		free(o->position_list);
+		free(o->size_list);
+		free(o->x_size_list);
+		free(o->y_size_list);
+		free(o->alpha_list);
+		free(o->rotation_list);
+		free(o->multiply_color_list);
+		free(o->additive_color_list);
+	}
+	free(s->objects);
+	free(s->path);
+	free(s);
+}
+
+static void interp_vec3(struct s3de_vec3_entry *list, int n, float frame, vec3 dest, vec3 def)
+{
+	if (n == 0) {
+		glm_vec3_copy(def, dest);
+		return;
+	}
+	if (frame <= list[0].frame) {
+		glm_vec3_copy(list[0].v, dest);
+		return;
+	}
+	if (frame >= list[n - 1].frame) {
+		glm_vec3_copy(list[n - 1].v, dest);
+		return;
+	}
+	int k = 0;
+	while (k + 1 < n && list[k + 1].frame <= frame)
+		k++;
+	struct s3de_vec3_entry *a = &list[k];
+	struct s3de_vec3_entry *b = &list[k + 1];
+	if (a->interp == S3DE_INTERP_NONE) {
+		glm_vec3_copy(a->v, dest);
+		return;
+	}
+	float t = (frame - a->frame) / (float)(b->frame - a->frame);
+	glm_vec3_lerp(a->v, b->v, t, dest);
+}
+
+static void interp_pos(struct s3de_position_entry *list, int n, float frame, vec3 dest)
+{
+	if (n == 0) {
+		glm_vec3_zero(dest);
+		return;
+	}
+	if (frame <= list[0].frame) {
+		glm_vec3_copy(list[0].pos, dest);
+		return;
+	}
+	if (frame >= list[n - 1].frame) {
+		glm_vec3_copy(list[n - 1].pos, dest);
+		return;
+	}
+	int k = 0;
+	while (k + 1 < n && list[k + 1].frame <= frame)
+		k++;
+	struct s3de_position_entry *a = &list[k];
+	struct s3de_position_entry *b = &list[k + 1];
+	if (a->interp == S3DE_INTERP_NONE) {
+		glm_vec3_copy(a->pos, dest);
+		return;
+	}
+	float t = (frame - a->frame) / (float)(b->frame - a->frame);
+	glm_vec3_lerp(a->pos, b->pos, t, dest);
+}
+
+struct s3de_effect *s3de_effect_create(struct s3de *s, struct archive *aar)
+{
+	struct s3de_effect *eff = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct s3de_effect));
+	eff->s3de = s;
+	eff->wav_channel = -1;
+
+	const char *basename = strrchr(s->path, '\\');
+	basename = basename ? basename + 1 : s->path;
+	struct archive_data *dfile = RE_get_aar_entry(aar, s->path, basename, ".wav");
+	if (dfile) {
+		int ch = wav_get_unused_channel();
+		if (wav_prepare_from_archive_data(ch, dfile)) {
+			eff->wav_channel = ch;
+		} else {
+			WARNING("wav_prepare_from_archive_data failed for %s\\%s.wav", s->path, basename);
+		}
+	}
+	return eff;
+}
+
+void s3de_effect_free(struct s3de_effect *eff)
+{
+	if (!eff)
+		return;
+	if (eff->wav_channel >= 0) {
+		wav_stop(eff->wav_channel);
+		wav_unprepare(eff->wav_channel);
+	}
+	free(eff);
+}
+
+// Pick the camera object whose position_list frame range contains `frame`.
+// If `frame` is past every range, pick the camera with the latest last_frame.
+// If `frame` precedes every range, return -1.
+static int select_active_camera_obj(struct s3de_effect *eff, float frame)
+{
+	int best = -1;
+	float best_last = -INFINITY, best_first = -INFINITY;
+	for (int i = 0; i < eff->s3de->nr_objects; i++) {
+		struct s3de_object *obj = &eff->s3de->objects[i];
+		if (obj->type != S3DE_OBJ_CAMERA || obj->nr_position_entries == 0)
+			continue;
+		float first = obj->position_list[0].frame;
+		float last = obj->position_list[obj->nr_position_entries - 1].frame;
+		if (first > frame)
+			continue;
+		if (frame < last)
+			return i;
+		if (last > best_last || (last == best_last && first > best_first)) {
+			best = i;
+			best_last = last;
+			best_first = first;
+		}
+	}
+	return best;
+}
+
+static void update_sound(struct s3de_effect *eff, struct motion *m)
+{
+	if (eff->wav_channel < 0)
+		return;
+	bool stopped = (m->state == RE_MOTION_STATE_STOP);
+	float frame = m->current_frame;
+	if (eff->sound_started && (stopped || frame + 0.5f < eff->last_frame)) {
+		wav_stop(eff->wav_channel);
+		eff->sound_started = false;
+	}
+	if (!eff->sound_started && !stopped) {
+		int ms = (int)(frame * 1000.0f / 30.0f);
+		if (ms > 0)
+			wav_seek(eff->wav_channel, ms);
+		wav_play(eff->wav_channel);
+		eff->sound_started = true;
+	}
+	eff->last_frame = frame;
+}
+
+static void update_camera_override(struct RE_instance *inst, struct s3de_effect *eff, float frame)
+{
+	int cam_idx = select_active_camera_obj(eff, frame);
+	if (cam_idx < 0 || !inst->plugin)
+		return;
+
+	struct s3de_object *obj = &eff->s3de->objects[cam_idx];
+	vec3 emitter_pos, emitter_rotation_deg;
+	interp_pos(obj->position_list, obj->nr_position_entries, frame, emitter_pos);
+	interp_vec3(obj->rotation_list, obj->nr_rotation_entries, frame,
+		    emitter_rotation_deg, GLM_VEC3_ZERO);
+
+	if (inst->local_transform_needs_update)
+		RE_instance_update_local_transform(inst);
+	vec4 local_pos = { emitter_pos[0], emitter_pos[1], emitter_pos[2], 1.0f };
+	vec4 world_pos;
+	glm_mat4_mulv(inst->local_transform, local_pos, world_pos);
+	struct RE_camera *cam = &inst->plugin->camera;
+	glm_vec3_copy(world_pos, cam->override_pos);
+	// XXX: Compose the instance and camera-object rotations by summing Euler
+	// angles directly. This is not equivalent to true rotation composition in
+	// general, but it is exact here: in Rance 9 non-camera instances are only
+	// ever rotated about yaw. Since yaw is the outermost axis in the renderer's
+	// YXZ convention, the two yaw rotations combine exactly by addition.
+	cam->override_pitch = inst->pitch + emitter_rotation_deg[0];
+	cam->override_yaw   = inst->yaw   + emitter_rotation_deg[1];
+	cam->override_roll  = -(inst->roll + emitter_rotation_deg[2]);
+	cam->override_active = true;
+}
+
+void s3de_effect_update(struct RE_instance *inst)
+{
+	struct s3de_effect *eff = inst->s3de_effect;
+	if (!eff || !inst->motion)
+		return;
+	update_sound(eff, inst->motion);
+	float frame = inst->motion->current_frame;
+	update_camera_override(inst, eff, frame);
+}
+
+void s3de_calc_frame_range(struct s3de *s, struct motion *motion)
+{
+	int begin = s->loop_start_frame >= 0 ? s->loop_start_frame : 0;
+	int end = s->loop_end_frame >= 0 ? s->loop_end_frame : begin;
+	motion->frame_begin = motion->loop_frame_begin = begin;
+	motion->frame_end = motion->loop_frame_end = end;
+}
diff --git a/src/meson.build b/src/meson.build
index 0f57f4c..13294e7 100644
--- a/src/meson.build
+++ b/src/meson.build
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ xsystem4 = [version_h,
             '3d/particle.c',
             '3d/reign.c',
             '3d/renderer.c',
+            '3d/s3de.c',
 
             'dungeon/dgn.c',
             'dungeon/dtx.c',