diff --git a/src/generic/mako.cpp b/src/generic/mako.cpp
index 3bb821b..717e96a 100644
--- a/src/generic/mako.cpp
+++ b/src/generic/mako.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@
 
 namespace {
 
-const int SAMPLE_RATE = 44100;
-
 #ifdef _WIN32
 // Per-game mapping from music numbers to CD tracks.  This is necessary to
 // forcibly change the sound device with a menu command.
@@ -33,66 +31,86 @@ const int8_t RANCE42_tracks[] = {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,1
 const int8_t DPSALL_tracks[] = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,4,5,1,2,3,-1};
 #endif
 
-// The main output stream, opened together with the audio device via
-// SDL_OpenAudioDeviceStream().  Its callback mixes fm/music/pcm together.
-SDL_AudioStream* g_stream;
-SDL_AudioSpec g_device_spec;
+// Wraps a MakoYmfm sample generator together with the SDL_AudioStream bound to
+// the audio device.
+class FmStream {
+public:
+	FmStream(SDL_AudioDeviceID device, std::vector<uint8_t> data)
+		: FmStream(device, std::move(data), device_format(device)) {}
+	~FmStream() { SDL_DestroyAudioStream(stream); }  // unbinds and stops fill()
+
+	// FM music keeps playing until every channel has looped.
+	bool is_playing() { int mark, loop; get_mark(&mark, &loop); return !loop; }
+
+	void get_mark(int* mark, int* loop) {
+		SDL_LockAudioStream(stream);
+		ymfm.get_mark(mark, loop);
+		SDL_UnlockAudioStream(stream);
+	}
+
+private:
+	FmStream(SDL_AudioDeviceID device, std::vector<uint8_t> data, const SDL_AudioSpec& device_spec)
+		: ymfm(device_spec.freq, std::move(data))
+	{
+		SDL_AudioSpec src_spec = { SDL_AUDIO_S16, 2, device_spec.freq };
+		stream = SDL_CreateAudioStream(&src_spec, &device_spec);
+		SDL_SetAudioStreamGetCallback(stream, [](void* self, SDL_AudioStream*, int additional_amount, int) {
+			static_cast<FmStream*>(self)->fill(additional_amount);
+		}, this);
+		SDL_BindAudioStream(device, stream);
+	}
+
+	static SDL_AudioSpec device_format(SDL_AudioDeviceID device) {
+		SDL_AudioSpec spec;
+		SDL_GetAudioDeviceFormat(device, &spec, nullptr);
+		return spec;
+	}
+
+	// SDL3 stream get-callback: synthesize `additional_amount` bytes of audio.
+	void fill(int additional_amount) {
+		const int CHUNK = 4096;  // bytes; 1024 stereo S16 frames
+		int16_t buffer[CHUNK / 2];
+		while (additional_amount > 0) {
+			int len = additional_amount < CHUNK ? additional_amount : CHUNK;
+			ymfm.Process(buffer, len / 4);
+			SDL_PutAudioStreamData(stream, buffer, len);
+			additional_amount -= len;
+		}
+	}
+
+	MakoYmfm ymfm;
+	SDL_AudioStream* stream;
+};
+
+// The audio device.  Each sound source (music, fm, pcm) creates its own
+// SDL_AudioStream and binds it to this device.
+SDL_AudioDeviceID g_device;
 
 std::unique_ptr<MakoMusic> music;
-std::unique_ptr<MakoYmfm> fm;
+std::unique_ptr<FmStream> fm;
 std::unique_ptr<MAKOMidi> midi;
 
-// PCM (sound effect) playback.  pcm_loops is the number of remaining plays,
-// or -1 for an infinite loop.
+// PCM playback.  pcm_loops is the number of remaining plays, or -1 for an
+// infinite loop.  pcm_stream's get-callback re-feeds pcm_src.
 SDL_AudioStream* pcm_stream;
 std::vector<uint8_t> pcm_src;
 int pcm_loops;
 bool pcm_input_finished;
 
-void mix_pcm(Uint8* out, int len)
+// Get-callback for the pcm stream: re-feed the decoded sample buffer until the
+// remaining loop count is exhausted (pcm_loops == 0).  -1 loops forever.
+void SDLCALL pcm_audio_callback(void*, SDL_AudioStream* stream, int additional_amount, int /*total_amount*/)
 {
-	while (SDL_GetAudioStreamAvailable(pcm_stream) < len && !pcm_input_finished) {
+	while (SDL_GetAudioStreamAvailable(stream) < additional_amount && !pcm_input_finished) {
 		if (pcm_loops == 0) {
-			SDL_FlushAudioStream(pcm_stream);
+			SDL_FlushAudioStream(stream);
 			pcm_input_finished = true;
 			break;
 		}
-		SDL_PutAudioStreamData(pcm_stream, pcm_src.data(), static_cast<int>(pcm_src.size()));
+		SDL_PutAudioStreamData(stream, pcm_src.data(), static_cast<int>(pcm_src.size()));
 		if (pcm_loops > 0)
 			pcm_loops--;
 	}
-	Uint8* tmp = SDL_stack_alloc(Uint8, len);
-	int got = SDL_GetAudioStreamData(pcm_stream, tmp, len);
-	if (got > 0)
-		SDL_MixAudio(out, tmp, SDL_AUDIO_S16, got, 1.0f);
-	SDL_stack_free(tmp);
-}
-
-// SDL3 audio callback: rather than handing us a buffer to fill, SDL asks us to
-// feed `additional_amount` bytes into the stream via SDL_PutAudioStreamData().
-void SDLCALL audio_callback(void*, SDL_AudioStream* stream, int additional_amount, int /*total_amount*/)
-{
-	// Mix in bounded chunks so the scratch buffers (and the per-source
-	// SDL_stack_alloc() below) stay small no matter how much SDL requests.
-	const int CHUNK = 4096;  // bytes; 1024 stereo S16 frames
-	Uint8 buffer[CHUNK];
-	while (additional_amount > 0) {
-		int len = additional_amount < CHUNK ? additional_amount : CHUNK;
-		SDL_memset(buffer, 0, len);
-		if (fm) {
-			int frames = len / 4;
-			int16_t* tmp = SDL_stack_alloc(int16_t, frames * 2);
-			fm->Process(tmp, frames);
-			SDL_MixAudio(buffer, reinterpret_cast<Uint8*>(tmp), SDL_AUDIO_S16, len, 1.0f);
-			SDL_stack_free(tmp);
-		}
-		if (music)
-			music->mix(buffer, len);
-		if (pcm_stream)
-			mix_pcm(buffer, len);
-		SDL_PutAudioStreamData(stream, buffer, len);
-		additional_amount -= len;
-	}
 }
 
 } // namespace
@@ -123,19 +141,9 @@ MAKO::MAKO(const Config& config, const GameId& game_id) :
 		cd_track[i] = 0;
 
 	SDL_InitSubSystem(SDL_INIT_AUDIO);
-	// g_device_spec is the format our callback produces; the resampling streams
-	// used by MakoMusic/MakoYmfm/pcm convert their sources into this format.
-	SDL_zero(g_device_spec);
-	g_device_spec.freq = SAMPLE_RATE;
-	g_device_spec.format = SDL_AUDIO_S16;
-	g_device_spec.channels = 2;
-	g_stream = SDL_OpenAudioDeviceStream(SDL_AUDIO_DEVICE_DEFAULT_PLAYBACK, &g_device_spec, audio_callback, nullptr);
-	if (!g_stream) {
-		WARNING("SDL_OpenAudioDeviceStream failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
-		use_fm = false;
-	} else {
-		SDL_ResumeAudioStreamDevice(g_stream);
-	}
+	g_device = SDL_OpenAudioDevice(SDL_AUDIO_DEVICE_DEFAULT_PLAYBACK, nullptr);
+	if (!g_device)
+		WARNING("Cannot open audio device: %s", SDL_GetError());
 
 	midi = std::make_unique<MAKOMidi>(config.midi_device);
 	if (!midi->is_available())
@@ -148,8 +156,8 @@ MAKO::~MAKO()
 	stop_pcm();
 	midi.reset();
 
-	if (g_stream)
-		SDL_DestroyAudioStream(g_stream);  // also closes the audio device
+	if (g_device)
+		SDL_CloseAudioDevice(g_device);
 	SDL_QuitSubSystem(SDL_INIT_AUDIO);
 }
 
@@ -194,20 +202,16 @@ void MAKO::play_music(int page)
 			return;
 		file = abspath;
 #endif
-		auto m = std::make_unique<MakoMusic>(file, next_loop, g_device_spec);
-		if (!m->is_open())
+		music = std::make_unique<MakoMusic>(g_device, file, next_loop);
+		if (!music->is_open()) {
+			music.reset();
 			return;
-		SDL_LockAudioStream(g_stream);
-		music = std::move(m);
-		SDL_UnlockAudioStream(g_stream);
+		}
 	} else if (use_fm) {
 		std::vector<uint8_t> data = amus.load(page);
 		if (data.empty())
 			return;
-		auto f = std::make_unique<MakoYmfm>(SAMPLE_RATE, std::move(data));
-		SDL_LockAudioStream(g_stream);
-		fm = std::move(f);
-		SDL_UnlockAudioStream(g_stream);
+		fm = std::make_unique<FmStream>(g_device, std::move(data));
 	} else if (midi->is_available()) {
 		if (!midi->play(game_id, amus, mda, page, next_loop))
 			return;
@@ -218,13 +222,8 @@ void MAKO::play_music(int page)
 
 void MAKO::stop_music()
 {
-	if (music || fm) {
-		SDL_LockAudioStream(g_stream);
-		std::unique_ptr<MakoMusic> old_music = std::move(music);
-		std::unique_ptr<MakoYmfm> old_fm = std::move(fm);
-		SDL_UnlockAudioStream(g_stream);
-		// old_music/old_fm are destroyed here, outside the lock.
-	}
+	music.reset();
+	fm.reset();
 	if (midi->is_available())
 		midi->stop();
 	current_music = 0;
@@ -232,19 +231,10 @@ void MAKO::stop_music()
 
 bool MAKO::check_music()
 {
-	SDL_LockAudioStream(g_stream);
-	if (fm) {
-		int mark, loop;
-		fm->get_mark(&mark, &loop);
-		SDL_UnlockAudioStream(g_stream);
-		return !loop;
-	}
-	if (music) {
-		bool playing = music->is_playing();
-		SDL_UnlockAudioStream(g_stream);
-		return playing;
-	}
-	SDL_UnlockAudioStream(g_stream);
+	if (fm)
+		return fm->is_playing();
+	if (music)
+		return music->is_playing();
 	return midi->is_playing();
 }
 
@@ -309,13 +299,10 @@ void MAKO::select_sound(BGMDevice dev)
 
 void MAKO::get_mark(int* mark, int* loop)
 {
-	SDL_LockAudioStream(g_stream);
 	if (fm) {
 		fm->get_mark(mark, loop);
-		SDL_UnlockAudioStream(g_stream);
 		return;
 	}
-	SDL_UnlockAudioStream(g_stream);
 	midi->get_mark(mark, loop);
 }
 
@@ -323,6 +310,9 @@ void MAKO::play_pcm(int page, int loops)
 {
 	stop_pcm();
 
+	SDL_AudioSpec device_spec;
+	SDL_GetAudioDeviceFormat(g_device, &device_spec, nullptr);
+
 	SDL_AudioStream* stream = nullptr;
 	std::vector<uint8_t> src;
 
@@ -338,7 +328,7 @@ void MAKO::play_pcm(int page, int loops)
 		}
 		src.assign(wav, wav + wavlen);
 		SDL_free(wav);
-		stream = SDL_CreateAudioStream(&spec, &g_device_spec);
+		stream = SDL_CreateAudioStream(&spec, &device_spec);
 	} else {
 		// AMSE形式 (乙女戦記)
 		data = amse.load(page);
@@ -351,39 +341,42 @@ void MAKO::play_pcm(int page, int loops)
 			src.push_back((data[i] & 0x0f) << 4);
 		}
 		SDL_AudioSpec src_spec = { SDL_AUDIO_U8, 1, 8000 };
-		stream = SDL_CreateAudioStream(&src_spec, &g_device_spec);
+		stream = SDL_CreateAudioStream(&src_spec, &device_spec);
 	}
 	if (!stream) {
 		WARNING("SDL_CreateAudioStream failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
 		return;
 	}
-	SDL_LockAudioStream(g_stream);
-	pcm_stream = stream;
+
 	pcm_src = std::move(src);
 	pcm_loops = loops ? loops : -1;
 	pcm_input_finished = false;
-	SDL_UnlockAudioStream(g_stream);
+	pcm_stream = stream;
+	SDL_SetAudioStreamGetCallback(pcm_stream, pcm_audio_callback, nullptr);
+	SDL_BindAudioStream(g_device, pcm_stream);
 }
 
 void MAKO::stop_pcm()
 {
-	SDL_LockAudioStream(g_stream);
-	SDL_AudioStream* old = pcm_stream;
-	pcm_stream = nullptr;
+	// Destroy the stream first (unbinds and stops its get-callback), then it is
+	// safe to drop the source buffer the callback was reading.
+	if (pcm_stream) {
+		SDL_DestroyAudioStream(pcm_stream);
+		pcm_stream = nullptr;
+	}
 	pcm_src.clear();
 	pcm_input_finished = false;
-	SDL_UnlockAudioStream(g_stream);
-	if (old)
-		SDL_DestroyAudioStream(old);
 }
 
 bool MAKO::check_pcm()
 {
 	// 再生中でtrue
-	SDL_LockAudioStream(g_stream);
+	if (!pcm_stream)
+		return false;
+	SDL_LockAudioStream(pcm_stream);
 	bool playing = pcm_stream &&
 		(!pcm_input_finished || SDL_GetAudioStreamAvailable(pcm_stream) > 0);
-	SDL_UnlockAudioStream(g_stream);
+	SDL_UnlockAudioStream(pcm_stream);
 	return playing;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/sys/mako_music.cpp b/src/sys/mako_music.cpp
index aaf7973..8e216ec 100644
--- a/src/sys/mako_music.cpp
+++ b/src/sys/mako_music.cpp
@@ -171,18 +171,24 @@ std::unique_ptr<MakoMusicDecoder> create_decoder(const std::string& path)
 
 } // namespace
 
-MakoMusic::MakoMusic(const std::string& path, int loops, const SDL_AudioSpec& device_spec)
+MakoMusic::MakoMusic(SDL_AudioDeviceID device, const std::string& path, int loops)
 	: decoder(create_decoder(path)), loops_(loops)
 {
 	if (!decoder)
 		return;
 	const SDL_AudioSpec& src_spec = decoder->spec();
+	SDL_AudioSpec device_spec;
+	SDL_GetAudioDeviceFormat(device, &device_spec, nullptr);
 	stream = SDL_CreateAudioStream(&src_spec, &device_spec);
 	if (!stream) {
 		WARNING("SDL_CreateAudioStream failed: %s", SDL_GetError());
 		return;
 	}
 	playing = true;
+	SDL_SetAudioStreamGetCallback(stream, [](void* self, SDL_AudioStream*, int additional_amount, int) {
+		static_cast<MakoMusic*>(self)->AudioCallback(additional_amount);
+	}, this);
+	SDL_BindAudioStream(device, stream);
 }
 
 MakoMusic::~MakoMusic()
@@ -214,19 +220,21 @@ void MakoMusic::decode()
 	}
 }
 
-void MakoMusic::mix(Uint8* out, int len)
+void MakoMusic::AudioCallback(int additional_amount)
 {
-	if (!stream || !playing)
+	if (!playing)
 		return;
 
-	while (SDL_GetAudioStreamAvailable(stream) < len && !input_finished)
+	while (SDL_GetAudioStreamAvailable(stream) < additional_amount && !input_finished)
 		decode();
-
-	Uint8* tmp = SDL_stack_alloc(Uint8, len);
-	int got = SDL_GetAudioStreamData(stream, tmp, len);
-	if (got > 0)
-		SDL_MixAudio(out, tmp, SDL_AUDIO_S16, got, 1.0f);
-	SDL_stack_free(tmp);
 	if (input_finished && SDL_GetAudioStreamAvailable(stream) <= 0)
 		playing = false;
 }
+
+bool MakoMusic::is_playing() const
+{
+	SDL_LockAudioStream(stream);
+	bool result = playing;
+	SDL_UnlockAudioStream(stream);
+	return result;
+}
diff --git a/src/sys/mako_music.h b/src/sys/mako_music.h
index d88be05..71cf269 100644
--- a/src/sys/mako_music.h
+++ b/src/sys/mako_music.h
@@ -7,21 +7,20 @@
 
 class MakoMusicDecoder;
 
-// Plays a single BGM file (MP3, OGG, or WAV, chosen by file extension),
-// decoding on demand and mixing into the audio callback's output buffer.
+// Plays a single BGM file (MP3, OGG, or WAV, chosen by file extension).
 class MakoMusic {
 public:
 	// loops: number of times to play; 0 means loop forever.
-	MakoMusic(const std::string& path, int loops, const SDL_AudioSpec& device_spec);
+	MakoMusic(SDL_AudioDeviceID device, const std::string& path, int loops);
 	~MakoMusic();
 
 	bool is_open() const { return stream != nullptr; }
-	bool is_playing() const { return playing; }
-
-	// Called from the audio callback.
-	void mix(Uint8* out, int len);
+	bool is_playing() const;
 
 private:
+	// SDL3 stream get-callback: decode and feed `additional_amount` bytes.
+	void AudioCallback(int additional_amount);
+
 	// Decodes and queues one chunk, handling EOF and decoder errors.
 	void decode();